Macrolide antiinfective agents

ABSTRACT

The invention is directed towards antibacterial compounds. The invention concerns macrolide antibiotics useful as antiinfective agents.

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 from U.S. provisional patent application Ser. Nos. 60/173,805 filed Dec. 30, 1999, and 60/173,804 filed Dec. 30, 1999 and U.S. utility patent application Ser. Nos. 09/551,162 filed Apr. 14, 2000, which in turn claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application Serial Nos. 60/129,729 filed Apr. 16, 1999 and 60/172,154 filed Dec. 17, 1999, and 09/550,045 filed Apr. 14, 2000, which in turn claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application Serial Nos. 60/140,175 filed Jun. 18, 1999 and 60/172,159 filed Dec. 17, 1999. The contents of these provisional and utility applications are relied on and incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention is directed to antibacterial compounds that expand the repertoire of erythromycin-like antibiotics. More particularly, the invention concerns macrolide antibiotics containing an erythronolide nucleus modified at least at the substituent at C-13.

BACKGROUND ART

The increasing number of microbial strains that have acquired resistance to the currently available known antibiotic compounds is recognized as a dangerous threat to public health. As the use of such compounds has proliferated, so too has the need for expanding the options available to treat a wide variety of microbial-based conditions. The need for a larger choice of antimicrobial compounds extends beyond treatment of human infection and to a need to preserve food and other perishable commodities. New antibiotics can also be essential for resistant plants and animals as well as to provide resistance to materials that otherwise are subject to microbially caused corrosion.

Thus, there is a clear need for an expanded armament of compounds which can provide a multifaceted defense against unwanted microbial activity.

WO 98/09978 published Mar. 12, 1998 and incorporated herein by reference discloses modified forms of erythromycin which lack a cladinose residue at the 3-position and which are derivatized in various ways in positions 9-12 of the macrolide ring. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,510, issued May 12, 1998 and incorporated herein by reference, discloses modified erythromycin derivatives.

The naturally occurring erythromycins have the structure

Erythromycin R′ R″ A —OH —CH₃ B —H —CH₃ C —OH —H D —H —H

wherein R′ can be H or OH and R″ can be H or CH₃.

All of the compounds disclosed in the above-referenced patent documents contain an ethyl group at position 13 of the macrolide ring. The present inventors have found that alterations in the substituent at position 13 results in a large number of compounds with excellent antibacterial activity.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to erythronolide derivatives that contain modifications from the native structure. All of the compounds of the invention are modified at least at position 13. In addition, further modifications are made at positions 9, 11 and 12, or at positions 12 and 13.

In one embodiment, derivatives contain two fused rings at positions 9 and 11, and 11-12 of the erythronolide back bone as in compounds (1)-(3) and (1′)-(3′) of the invention. Specifically, these two fused rings include a fused carbamate ring at the 11-12 position, and a fused diamine ring, which is fused to the erythronolide back bone at positions 9 and 11, and also is fused to the carbamate ring.

In another embodiment, compounds (101)-(103) of the invention contain one fused ring at positions 12-13 of the erythronolide back bone. In this embodiment, the erythronolide back bone initially must be modified at position 13 with a substituent containing a π-bond in positions α,β to the ring which is then converted to a fused ring at position 12-13, wherein a 12-hydroxyl group is incorporated into the fused ring, e.g., to form a carbamate ring. Thus, the starter unit for the erythronolide is in one embodiment an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid, which is converted into a thioester, or a diketide thioester having γ,δ-unsaturation.

Thus, in one aspect, the invention is directed to compounds of the formula

wherein

R_(a) is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-10C); substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl (2-10C); substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl (2-10C); substituted or unsubstituted aryl (3-20C); or substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl (4-20C); or OR_(a) may be replaced by H;

R_(b) is H or halogen;

R_(c) is H or a protecting group;

R_(d) is methyl, unsubstituted alkyl (3-10C); substituted alkyl (1-10C); substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl (2-10C); substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl (2-10C); substituted or unsubstituted aryl (3-20C); substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl (4-20C); substituted or unsubstituted arylalkenyl (5-20C); substituted or unsubstituted arylalkynyl (5-20C); substituted or unsubstituted amidoarylalkyl (5-20C); substituted or unsubstituted amidoarylalkenyl (5-20C); or substituted or unsubstituted amidoarylalkynyl (5-20C);

R_(d)′ is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-10C); substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl (2-10C); substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl (2-10C); substituted or unsubstituted aryl (4-20C); substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl (5-20C); substituted or unsubstituted arylalkenyl (5-20C ); substituted or unsubstituted arylalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted amidoarylalkyl (5-20C); substituted or unsubstituted amidoarylalkenyl (5-20C); or substituted or unsubstituted amidoarylalkynyl (5-20C);

R_(e) is H or a protecting group;

each of A, B, D and E is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-10C) wherein any pair of said A, B, D and E forms a 3-7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms, with the proviso that at least two of said A, B, D and E must be hydrogen;

L is methylene or carbonyl;

T is —O—, —N(R)—, or —N(OR)—, —N(NHCOR)—, —N(N═CHR)—, or —N(NHR)— wherein R is H or R_(a) as defined above, with the proviso that when L is methylene, T is —O—;

one of Z and Y is H and the other is OH, protected OH, or amino, mono- or dialkylamino, protected amino, or an amino heterocycle or

Z and Y together are ═O, ═NOH or a derivatized oxime;

including any pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and any stereoisomeric forms and mixtures of stereoisomeric forms thereof.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to pharmaceutical or preservative compositions containing the compounds of formulas (1)-(3), (1′)-(3′) or (101)-(103) and to methods to treat infectious diseases by administering these compounds or to preserve materials by providing them.

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the post-PKS biosynthesis of erythromycins. This pathway is employed in the present invention, as shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic of the synthesis of intermediates for the compounds of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic of the synthesis for intermediates for the compounds of the invention illustrating the protection and/or deprotection of the C9, C6, 2′ and 4″ positions.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic of the synthesis of the compounds of the invention from the intermediates in FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic of an alternate synthesis of the compounds of the invention from the intermediate compound (7).

FIG. 6 shows a schematic of the synthesis of intermediate cyclic carbonate compounds of compounds (1)-(3) or (1′)-(3′).

FIGS. 7a and 7 b show a schematic of the synthesis of intermediates of the compounds of the invention, illustrating the protection and/or deprotection of the C9, C6 and 2′ positions before oxidation or dehydration at the C3 position.

FIGS. 8 shows schematics of analogous syntheses of compounds of the invention.

FIG. 9 shows the conversion of the hydrogen on the ring nitrogen to other substituents.

FIGS. 10a and 10 b illustrate the oxidation or dehydration at the C3 position after the synthesis of compounds of the invention.

FIG. 11 illustrates the protection and/or deprotection of the C9 and C6 positions and the subsequent conversion of the C6 hydroxyl group after formation of the carbamate ring.

FIG. 12 shows the synthesis of intermediate compounds of formula (6) and their corresponding 10,11-anhydro forms, as described in Examples 7-9.

FIG. 13 shows the synthesis of intermediate compounds of formula (6) (anhydro form) wherein OR_(a) is replaced by H, as described in Examples 10-12.

FIG. 14 illustrates the conversion of 15-azidoerythromycin A into 15-amidoerythromycins, as described in Example 30.

MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The compounds of the invention are conveniently synthesized by combining synthetic chemical techniques with microbiological processes involving genetically engineered microorganisms. Briefly, in a preferred mode of carrying out the invention, a microbial host, preferably a host which does not itself produce a macrolide antibiotic, is provided with a recombinant expression system for the production of modified 6-deoxyerythronolide B (6-dEB), as shown in FIG. 1, which expression system will have been altered by a disruption in the catalytic domain of the ketosynthase moiety in the first module. For substituents in which R_(d) is methyl (i.e., in compounds (1)-(3) and (1′)-(3′)) host cells are used which do not have a disrupted domain of the ketosynthase moiety. This alteration in the 6-dEB polyketide synthase (PKS) results in the inability of this PKS to utilize its native starter unit, and thus permits inclusion of a synthetic diketide thioester for its initial condensation product in the sequence of reactions leading to modified 6-dEB without competition from the diketide that would otherwise, natively, have been produced. Thus, the recombinant host can be provided a synthetic diketide thioester for incorporation into the resulting polyketide. The incorporation of this diketide into the resulting polyketide results in a polyketide with a substituent at position 13 that may be selected as desired. In intermediate compounds for compounds (101)-(103) of the invention having a fused ring at positions 12-13, the substituent at position 13 must be capable of being manipulated in order to convert it to the compounds of the invention. Specifically, position 13 must be modified to contain a π-bond in positions α, β to the ring. Preferred methods for preparing the synthetic polyketide thioesters are set forth in copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/492,733 filed on Jan. 27, 2000, which in turn claims priority from U.S. application Ser. No. 60/117,384 filed Jan. 27, 1999, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Recombinant forms of the 6-dEB PKS containing inactivated ketosynthase (KS) domains in the first module (KS 1) and appropriate organisms modified to contain an expression system for this PKS are described in PCT applications WO 97/02358, published Jan. 28, 1997 and WO 99/03986, published Jan. 28, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

The polyketide resulting from expression of the modified PKS is then isolated and purified, if desired, from the recombinantly modified organism and fed to Saccharopolyspora erythraea, as shown in the first step in FIG. 2, which contains the functionality for postpolyketide modifications, including glycosylation. Other modifications include hydroxylation at positions 6 and 12. The resulting modified erythromycin is then isolated and chemically modified to obtain the compounds of the invention. Synthetic methods for providing these modifications are described in WO 98/09978 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,510, referenced hereinabove.

The general methods for synthesizing intermediates to compounds of the invention are shown in FIGS. 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12 and 13.

The methods for synthesizing, from intermediates, the compounds of the invention are shown in FIGS. 4, 5, 8, and 10.

The methods for modifying the substituents on the compounds of the invention or intermediates thereof are shown in FIGS. 9, 11 and 14.

The resulting anti-infective compound is active in vitro and in vivo for activity against a panel of representative microorganisms. The compounds of the invention thus exhibit a sufficient diversity in specificity to cover the spectrum of antibiotic activities desired.

For use in treating infectious disease, the compounds of the invention are formulated into suitable compositions which will include typical excipients, pharmaceutically acceptable counterions if the compound is a salt, further additives as desired, such as antioxidants, buffers, and the like, and administered to animals or humans. The types of formulations that are appropriate for these compounds are similar to those for the macrolide antibiotics in general. Formulations may be found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., latest edition. The compounds can be administered by any desired route, including injection, oral administration, transdermal administration, transmucosal administration, or any combination. The compounds of the invention can also be administered with additional active ingredients if desired.

The compounds of the invention are of formulas(1)-(3), (1′)-(3′) or (101)-(103) as set forth above, as well as any stereoisomeric forms of these compounds as shown. The particular stereoisomers depicted are those resulting from the preferred method of synthesis set forth above and exemplified herein; however, by modifying the expression system for the PKS, or by altering the chirality of the diketide, or by synthetic chemical conversion, other stereoisomers may also be prepared. Additional chiral centers may be present in the substituents, such as R_(a), R_(d) and A, B, D and E, when any of A, B, D and E is not H. The stereoisomers may be administered as mixtures, or individual stereoisomers may be separated and utilized as is known in the art.

The properties of the compounds of formulas (1)-(3) or (1′)-(3′) are defined by the substituents R_(a)-R_(e), A, B, D and E. The properties of the compounds of formulas (101)-(103) are defined by the substituents R_(a)-R_(e), L, T, Y and Z. Preferred embodiments of these substituents are set forth hereinbelow. They contain moieties which are defined as follows:

“Halogen” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo and most preferably, fluoro.

“Alkyl” refers to a saturated straight-chain, branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbyl moiety containing a specified number of carbons and that may contain one or more suitable heteroatoms; similarly, alkenyl and alkynyl refer to straight or branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbon substituents containing one or more double bonds or one or more triple bonds, respectively and containing one or more suitable heteroatoms.

“Aryl” refers to an aromatic substituent that may contain one or more suitable heteroatoms such as phenyl, naphthyl, quinolyl, or phenanthryl.

“Arylalkyl”, “arylalkenyl” or “arylalkynyl” refers to substituents wherein an aryl group is linked to the substituted moiety through an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl linkage respectively. Again, the number of carbons in the arylalkyl, arylalkenyl or arylalkynyl groups will be specified.

“Amidoarylalkyl,” “amidoarylalkenyl,” or “amidoarylalkynyl” refer to substituents wherein an aryl group is linked to the substituted moiety through an amido and an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl linkage, respectively. Again, the number of carbons in the amidoarylalkyl, amidoarylalkenyl or amidoarylalkynyl groups will be specified.

Thus, included among the defined substituents herein are “heteroalkyl,” “heteroalkenyl,” “heteroalkynyl,” “heteroaryl,” “heteroarylalkyl,” and the like. Suitable heteroatoms include N, O, and S.

All of the foregoing substituents may be unsubstituted or may be further substituted. Typical substituents include R, —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —COR, —COOR, —CONR₂, —OOCR, —NRCOR, —OCONR₂, —CN, —CF₃, —NO₂, —SOR, —SO₂R, halogen wherein each R is independently H or is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, or the hetero forms of these as defined above. In addition, alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted by aryl or heteroaryl, which may, themselves, be further substituted.

“A derivatized oxime” is of the formula ═N—O—R, wherein R is other than H and is otherwise defined as above.

A “protecting group” for a hydroxy includes acyl groups, silyl groups, and the like. Suitable protecting groups are described by Greene, T. W., et al., in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2^(nd) Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1991), incorporated herein by reference.

The invention includes more preferred embodiments of the compound defined above. R_(d) for compounds (1)-(3) or (1′)-(3′) is preferably butyl, pentyl, methoxyethoxymethyl, isobutyl, methylcyclohexyl, phenyl, benzyl, ethylphenyl, 3-(benzyloxy)propyl, 2-(pyrimidin-2-ylthio)ethyl, propyl, fluoroethyl, chloroethyl, vinyl, 3-butenyl, or azidoethyl and more preferably propyl, fluoroethyl, chloroethyl, vinyl, 3-butenyl, or azidoethyl. U.S. Ser. No. 60/117,384 filed Jan. 27, 1999 and U.S. Ser. No. 09/492,733 filed Jan. 27, 2000 both of which are incorporated herein by reference describe various oligoketide thioesters, preferably diketide thioesters, that can be incorporated at the C-13 position. Such diketide thioesters as described therein are incorporated into the compounds of the invention and thus determine preferred R_(d) groups at the C-13 position. Similarly, R_(x)—CH═C(R_(d)′) groups at the C-13 position for compounds (101)-(103) are similarly described. Preferably, G is vinyl for intermediates for compounds (101)-(103).

In another preferred embodiment, R_(a) is H or lower C1-C3 alkyl, and more preferably methyl. R_(a) is also preferably arylalkenyl or arylalkynyl such as 3-arylprop-2-enyl or 3-arylprop-2-ynyl. Preferably the aryl group in the preferred arylalkenyl or arylalkynyl embodiments are 3-quinolyl, 4-quinolyl, 5-quinolyl, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 6-quinolyl, 6-quinoxalyl, 6-amino-3-quinolyl, or 4-isoquinolyl.

Synthesis of the Invention Compounds

As described above, the antibiotic starting materials for any further chemical synthesis are prepared, preferably, by feeding a suitable diketide to a microorganism modified to contain an expression system for the 6-dEB PKS containing a KS1 knockout, or by a host cell that provides a methyl group at the 13 position followed by feeding the resulting polyketide to a recombinant strain of Saccharopolyspora erythraea that has been altered to eliminate production of 6-dEB. A strain can be prepared that is able to hydroxylate both the 6- and 12-positions, as shown schematically in FIG. 1, using the eryF and eryK hydroxylase genes or the 12-position only using the eryK hydroxylase gene and disrupting the eryF hydroxylase gene. In the latter case, —OR_(a) is replaced by —H. The recombinant S. erythraea strain, K40-67, is obtained by transforming an S. erythraea strain that produces high levels of erythromycin A shown in FIG. 1 with a plasmid comprising a mutated eryA1 sequence encoding an inactivated KS1 domain. By homologous recombination, the resulting transformants now are unable to produce 6-dEB as a competitor to the fed polyketide and, instead, hydroxylate the 6-position and 12-position and glycosylate the 3-position and 5-position of the modified polyketide that has been made in Streptomyces or other polyketide-producing transformant. If a macrolide having only the 12-position, and not the 6-position hydroxylated is desired (OR_(a) is replaced by H), an S. erythraea strain is constructed by disrupting the eryF hydroxylase gene in strain K40-67.

Formation of the compounds of formulas (1)-(3), (1′)-(3′) and (101)-(103) requires the production of the erythronolide having a hydroxyl at the 12-position. The starting material may include any of the compounds (4)-(6) made by the method of FIG. 2:

The G substituent at position C-13 of intermediates (4)-(6) will be chosen based on the final compound. G is R_(d) for intermediate compounds of compounds (1)-(3) of the invention. In intermediate compounds for compounds (101)-(103) of the invention, the position 13 substituent in these intermediates must contain a point of unsaturation and thus must be capable of forming the compounds of the invention. Therefore, G is R_(x)—CH═C(R_(d)′)— for intermediates of compounds (101)-(103) of the invention. R_(x) can be H or R_(d)′, and preferably alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl, and more preferably H, so that the substituent is a reactive vinyl group. R_(x) is lost during ozonolysis in the intermediate formation of the compounds of the invention.

The glycosylation reactions for the production of the erythromycins result in the diglycosylated forms analogous to naturally occurring erythromycins. If the compounds of formula (5) or (6) are to be prepared from the initial diglycosylated product, the hydroxyl group of the cladinose ring (attached to position 3) may then need to be protected for subsequent modification of the macrolide substituents. The cladinose essentially serves as a 3-OH protecting group and can be removed after compound (3), (3′) or (103) is formed. FIG. 7, which will be described in further detail below, illustrates the synthesis scheme wherein the cladinose moiety is first removed, leaving a 3-hydroxy group that is subsequently protected so that alkylation of the 6-hydroxy is possible. FIG. 3 illustrates the retention of the cladinose moieties after the position 6 alkylation is completed.

The modified erythromycins of the invention, in addition to modification at C-13, contain an —OH group at position 6 unless OR_(a) is replaced by H as described above. In the embodiment of compounds (101)-(103) having a 12-13 fused ring, the hydroxyl group at position 6 can be converted before or after the carbamate or carbonate ring is formed, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 7 (before) and FIG. 11 (after). To construct the compounds of formulas (1), (2), (3), (1′), (2′), (3′), (101), (102), and (103) where position 6 OR_(a), the compound of formula (I) (see FIG. 2) is provided with protecting groups which form one embodiment of R_(c) and R_(e). Such protection is effected using suitable protecting reagents such as acetic anhydride, benzoic anhydride, benzochloro formate, hexamethyldisilazane, or a trialkylsilyl chloride in an aprotic solvent. Aprotic solvents include, for example, dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, N-methyl pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl formamide (DMF) and the like. Mixtures may also be used. Protection of both sugar hydroxyls in formula (I) may be done simultaneously or sequentially.

In addition to protecting the 2′ and 4″ hydroxyl groups of the two glycose residues, the keto group at position 9 of the macrolide ring must also be protected. Typically, this is effected by converting the keto group to a derivatized oxime.

Particularly preferred embodiments for R in the formula ═NOR include unsubstituted or substituted alkyl (1-12C), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (6-10C), alkyl (1-12C), substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (6-10C), alkyl (1-12C), and heteroalkyl (such as substituents of the formula CR′₂OR′ wherein each R′, in addition to being independently embodied as R as set forth above, may, together with the other, form a cycloalkyl ring (3-12C)). A preferred derivatized oxime is of the formula ═NOR wherein R is isopropoxycyclohexyl.

With the 9-keto group and the 2′ and 4″ hydroxyls protected, it is then possible to alkylate the 6-hydroxy group in the compound of formula (I) by reaction with an alkylating agent in the presence of base. Alkylating agents include alkyl halides and sulfonates. For example, the alkylating agents may include methyl tosylate, 2-fluoroethyl bromide, cinnamyl bromide, crotonyl bromide, allyl bromide, propargyl bromide, and the like. The alkylation is conducted in the presence of base, such as potassium hydroxide, sodium hydride, potassium isopropoxide, potassium t-butoxide, and an aprotic solvent.

The choice of alkylating agent will depend on the nature of the substituents R_(a) to be included. As set forth above, R_(a) can be substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-10C), substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl (2-10C), substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl (2-10C) substituted or unsubstituted aryl (3-20C) or substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl (4-20C). Particularly preferred are unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, or substituted forms of these wherein the substituents include one or more halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy (1-6C), oxo, SO₂R (1-6C), N₃, CN, and NR₂ wherein R is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (including cycloalkyl) (1-12C), substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl (including cycloalkenyl) (2-12C), alkynyl (including cycloalkynyl) (2-12C), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (6-10C), including the hetero forms of the above.

Especially preferred are methyl, allyl and ethyl.

Protection of the groups described above are also described in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/551,162 and 09/550,045 which are incorporated herewith in their entirety.

Once the alkylation of the 6-hydroxyl is completed, the sugar residues and the macrolide ring may be deprotected. Deprotection of the glycoside moieties is conducted as described by Green, T. W., et al., in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, infra. Similar conditions result in converting the derivatized oxime to ═NOH. If formation of the underivatized oxime is not concurrent with deprotection, the conversion to the oxime is conducted separately.

The oxime can then be removed and converted to a keto group by standard methods known in the art. Deoximating agents include inorganic sulfur oxide compounds such as sodium hydrogen sulfite, sodium pyrosulfate, sodium thiosulfate, and the like. In this case, protic solvents are used, such as water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, trimethyl silanol and mixtures of these. In general, the deoximation reaction is conducted in the presence of an organic acid.

At this point in the process, or later, after the compound of formula (4) has been converted to the compounds of formulas (5) or (6) or to any of compounds (1)-(3), (1′)-(3′), or (101)-(103), as further described below, the group introduced at the 6-hydroxyl can further be manipulated. Conveniently, the initial substitution may provide a 6-O-allyl, i.e., O—CH₂CH═CH₂, which can further be derivatized by reduction to give the 6-O propyl compound, or be treated with osmium tetroxide to provide the 2,3-dihydroxypropyl compound, which can further be esterified at each oxygen atom. The O-allyl derivative can also be oxidized with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in an aprotic solvent to provide the epoxy compound which can be opened with amines or N-containing heteroaryl compounds to provide compounds with N-containing side-chains, or can be oxidized under Wacker conditions to provide the substituent O—CH₂—C(O)—CH₃, or can be ozonized to provide the aldehyde. The aldehyde can then be converted to the oxime or reacted with a suitable amine and reduced in the presence of a borohydride reducing agent to provide an amine. The oxime can also be converted to a nitrile by reaction with a dehydration agent in an aprotic solvent. The O-allyl derivative can also be reacted with an aryl halide under Heck conditions (Pd(II) or Pd(O), phosphine and amine or inorganic base) to provide a 3-aryl prop-2-enyl derivative. This derivative can then be reduced with hydrogen and palladium on carbon to provide a 3-arylpropyl derivative. If the initial substituent R_(a) is a 2-propyne, similar reactions can be employed to provide alterations in the side-chain, including arylation.

In order to convert the compound of formula (4) into the compound of formula (6) by first removing the cladinose moiety, the compound of formula (4) is treated with mild aqueous acid or with a deglycosylating enzyme. Suitable acids include hydrochloric, sulfuric, chloroacetic, trifluoroacetic and the like, in the presence of alcohol. Reaction times are typically 0.5-24 hours at a temperature of −10-35° C. During this reaction, the 2′ group of the remaining sugar is protected as set forth above and deprotected subsequent to the decladinizing reaction. The resulting hydroxyl group at the 3-position of the macrolide ring is then oxidized to the ketone using a modified Swern oxidation procedure. In this procedure, an oxidizing agent such as N-chlorosuccinimide-dimethyl sulfide or a carbodiamide-dimethylsulfoxide is used. Typically, a compound of formula (4) is added to pre-formed N-chlorosuccinimide and dimethyl sulfide complex in a chlorinated solvent such as methylene chloride at −10-25° C. After being stirred for 0.5-4 hours, a tertiary amine such as triethylamine is added to produce the corresponding ketone and the 2′ protecting group is then removed.

In order to halogenate the macrolide at position 2 (converting R_(b)═H to halogen), the compound of formula (6), where R_(b)═H, is treated with a base and an electrophilic halogenating reagent such as pyridinium perbromide or N-fluorobenzene sulfonic acid. The position 2 can be halogenated at any time after the 3 keto group is prepared.

In one embodiment of compounds (1)-(3) and (1′)-(3′), where C13 is not part of a fused ring, the appropriate substituent such as vinyl, ethenyl, butenyl or azido at the C-13 position can be further manipulated. For example, an amidoacetate salt of the compound of the invention can be derivatized using an arylacetyl chloride to yield an arylamino alkyl group on the C-13 position. Preferably the C13 derivatives of an azido group take place before the ketolide is formed. Derivations of an ethenyl group can take place either before or after the ketolide is formed.

In order to obtain the compounds of formula (5), the compound resulting from the deglycosylation reaction of formula (4) is treated with a dehydrating agent such as carbonyl diimidazole and case.

In embodiments where the C9 is not part of a fused ring, in order to prepare compounds of formulas (101)-(103) wherein one of Z and Y is H and the other OH or protected OH or is an amino derivative as described above, either the carbonyl or oxime or derivatized oxime is reduced using a suitable reducing agent, such as sodium borohydride, Raney nickel/H₂ or reductive amination with the use of sodium cyanoborohydride and an amine. Substituted amines can also be obtained by alkylation.

I. Cyclization of Fused Rings at Positions 10-11, and 9 and 11

Intermediates (7)-(9) can then be prepared from intermediates (4)-(6).

It will be noted that the presence of the 12-hydroxyl group is required. The hydroxyl groups of the sugar moieties are protected as described above and the resulting protected compounds are then reacted with sodium hexamethyldisilazide and carbonyldiimidazole which results in dehydration to obtain a π-bond at position 10-11 and derivatization of the 12-hydroxyl to provide functionality in the macrolide ring as shown in compounds (7)-(9). FIG. 4 illustrates the reaction sequence from compound (6) to compound (7) in the first step.

Reaction of compounds (7)-(9) with a diamine having the formula

provides the intermediate compounds of formulas (10)-(12). One example is shown in FIG. 4 for compounds (7) and (10) in the second step.

These intermediates are compounds of the formulas (10)-(12):

where A, B, D and E are described above.

Cyclizing compounds (10)-(12) with dilute mineral or organic acid, optionally deprotecting provides compounds (1)-(3) and (1′)-(3′) of the invention, as illustrated in FIG. 4 for intermediate compounds (10) and compounds (1) and (1′) of the invention, which compounds can be further isolated.

In accordance with FIG. 4, compound (6) is converted to compound (7) by reaction with carbonyldiimidazole and an alkali metal hydride base, such as sodium hydride, lithium hydride or potassium hydride in a suitable aprotic solvent at from about 0° C. to ambient temperature. Compound (7) may also be prepared by reaction of the diol compound (6), or cyclic carbonate I₇, prepared as described in FIG. 6, by reaction with carbonyldiimidazole and sodium or lithium hydride under similar conditions. Compound (7) is then reacted with diamine

having substituents A, B, D and E as defined above, as shown in FIG. 4, in a suitable solvent such as aqueous acetonitrile, DMF or aqueous DMF, to give the bicyclic compound (10). Compound (10) is then cyclized by treatment with dilute acid, such as acetic acid or HCl in a suitable organic solvent such as ethanol or propanol and deprotected as described above to give the tricyclic ketolide (1). Alternatively, the 2′-protecting group of the bicyclic ketolid (10) may be removed prior to cyclization using the methods described in FIG. 2. Compounds of formula (1) may be reduced to compounds of formula (1′) by treatment with a reducing agent selected from hydrogen in the presence of palladium catalyst, alkyl borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride in a suitable organic solvent.

Alternatively, reaction of compounds (7)-(9) with an amine having the formula

wherein A, B, D and E are as defined above, and Y is hydroxy, provide the compounds of formulas (10′)-(12′):

Treating compounds (10′)-(12′) with triphenylphosphine and diphenylphosphoryl azide and diethylazodicarboxylate in tetrahydrofaran gives the analogous compound wherein Y is N₃, and removing the deprotecting group gives the analogous compound wherein Y is N₃ and R_(c) is H; and then further treating the resulting compounds with a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of triphenylophosphine-water, hydrogen with a catalyst, sodium borohydride, and dialkylaluminum hydride, yields compounds (10′)-(12′) wherein R_(c) is H.

Cyclizing compounds (10′)-(12′) with a dilute mineral or organic acid yields compounds (1′)-(3′) of the invention, which can be further isolated.

More specifically, FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative preparation of compounds of formula (1). Starting material (7) is reacted with a beta-aminoalcohol

(Y═OH) in a suitable solvent system such as aqueous acetonitrile, DMF or aqueous DMF at 0-70° C. to give (10′) which is converted to the azide with a Mitsunobu reaction using triphenylophosphine and diphenylphosphoryl azide and DEAD in tetrahydrofuran. Alternatively, the hydroxy group in (10′) may be activated by treatment with sulfonyl chloride, alkyl or aryl sulfonic anhydride or trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride in an aprotic solvent. The activated hydroxy group is then converted to the corresponding azide by reaction with lithium azide or sodium azide in an aprotic solvent. The 2′-protecting group is then removed as described above, and the azide is reduced to the amine (10′). Suitable reducing reagents are triphenylphosphine-water, hydrogen with a catalyst, sodium borohydride, or dialkylaluminum hydride in the appropriate solvent for these reactions, as is well known in the art. Compound (10′) is then cyclized as described in FIG. 5 above.

Of course, if the substrate for the ring formation is a compound of formula (4), a compound of the formula (3′) results; modifications can then be conducted to convert the compound of formula (3′) to compounds of formulas (1′) and (2′), as described above. Under these circumstances, the keto group would be protected by a derivatized oxime and the 2′ hydroxyl group would be protected by a protecting group. Such modifications include removal of the cladinose moiety by acid hydrolysis; oxidizing the 3-hydroxyl group; and deprotecting the protected hydroxyl and keto groups.

According to the alternate procedure shown in FIG. 7a, the intermediate compound (I₁), which is the 9-oxime compound of erythromycin A, is subjected to acid hydrolysis with dilute mineral or organic acid as described previously to remove the cladinose moiety and give intermediate compound (I₂). The oxime compound (I₂) is then converted to the protected oxime compound (I₃) wherein V is ═N—O—R¹ where R¹ is a protecting group, by reaction with the appropriately substituted oxime protecting reagent. The 3 and 2′-hydroxy groups of (I₃) are then protected, preferably with a trimethylsilyl protecting group, to give compound (I₄). Compound (I₄) is then alkylated as described previously to give compound I₅), and compound (I₅) is first deoximated as described above then the deoximated product is converted to the compound (I₆). FIG. 7b shows compound (I₆) is then deprotected and oxidized to the 3-ketolide derivative, intermediate compound (10), by procedures described previously. Intermediate compound I₆ can also be deprotected and dehydrated to form intermediate compound (11), also shown in FIG. 7b.

The cyclic carbonate compounds of the formulas 17 and 18 shown in FIG. 6 are prepared from compounds (4)-(6) using the procedure described by Baker et al., J Org Chem (1988) 53:2340 which is incorporated herein by reference. The 2′ or 2′,4″-protected compounds of formulas (4)-(6) are first converted to the cyclic carbonates by reaction with carbonyldiimidazole and sodium hexamethyldisilazide. FIG. 6 illustrates the conversion of the compound having formula (6) to the compound having the formula I₈.

As mentioned earlier, the 6-position substituent can be manipulated after the compounds (1)-(3) are formed. The O-allyl derivative can be reacted with an aryl halide under Heck conditions (Pd(II) or Pd(O), phosphine and amine or inorganic base). In addition, for example, compound (10) can be prepared wherein R_(a) is —CH₂—CH—N—OR_(h) and R_(h) is H or C₁-C₃-alkyl, aryl substituted C₁-C₃-alkyl, or heteroaryl substituted C₁-C₃-alkyl. In this method, a first compound (10), wherein R_(a) is —CH₂—CH═CH₂, is treated with ozone to form a second compound (10) wherein R_(a) is —CH₂—CH═O. Then compound (10) wherein R_(a) is —CH₂—CH═O is further treated with a hydroxylamine compound having the formula NH₂—O—R_(h), wherein R_(h) is as previously defined; and optionally deprotected, and the desired compound may be isolated.

In another embodiment of the invention is a process for preparing a compound (10) wherein R_(a) is —CH₂—CH₂—NH—R_(i) where R_(i), with the atom to which it is attached, form a 3-10 membered substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring. The method comprises reductively aminating compound (10) wherein R_(a) is —CH₂—CH═O with an amine compound having the formula —NH₂—R_(i), wherein R_(i) is as previously defined; and optionally deprotecting, and isolating the desired compound.

Novel methods of synthesis of the compounds of the invention are also provided.

Exemplary Embodiments

The compounds of formulas (1), (2), (3), (1′), (2′) and (3′) are defined by their various substituents. Table 1 illustrates compounds within the scope of the present invention which are:

of formula (1) or (1′) wherein R_(b) is H, Cl, F or Br, and R_(c) is H;

of formula (2) or (2′) wherein R_(c) is H; and

of formula (3) or (3′) wherein R_(b) is H, Cl, F or Br, R_(c) is H, and R_(e) is H.

TABLE 1 R_(d) R_(a) —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂-Φ —CH═CH₂ —CH₂CH═CH-Φ —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CHOHCH₃ —CH(CH₃)₂ —CH₂-Φ —CH₃ —CH₂—CH═CH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂—CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) —CH₃ —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂-(3-quinolyl) —CH₃ —CH₂—CH═CH-(2-methyl-6-quinolyl) —CH₃ —CH₂—CH═CH-(5-isoquinolyl) —CH₃ —CH₂—CH═CH-(3-bromo-6-quinolyl) —CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl) —CH₃ —CH₂—C≡C-(2-phenylethenyl) —CH₃ —CH₂—C≡C-(3-quinolyl) —CH₃ —CH₂—C≡C-naphthyl —CH₃ —CH₂—C≡C-(6-methyl-2-naphthyl) —CH₃ —CH₂—C≡C-(3-(2-furanyl)-6-quinolyl) —CH═CH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂OH —CH₂—C═CH-(4-fluorophenyl) —CH₂OH —CH₂—C═CH-(3-quinolyl) —CH₂OH —CH₂—C═CH-(6-quinolyl) —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(3-pyridyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(3-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(6-chloro-3-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(4-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(6-chloro-3-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(6-hydroxy-3-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(6-methoxy-3-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(6-aminocarbonyl-3- quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(3-(2-thiophenyl)-6- quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(6-hydroxy-2-naphthyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C≡C-(3-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C≡(6-chloro-2-naphthyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C≡C-(6-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂-(2- chlorophenyl) —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NH₂ —CH₃ OR_(a) replaced by H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ OR_(a) replaced by H —CH₃ ″ —CH₃ ″ —CH₃ —CH₂CHClCH₃ —CH₃ ″ —CH₃ ″ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₃ OR_(a) replaced by H —CH₂CH₂CH₃ ″ —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CHCH(OCH₃)CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CHBrCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CHOHCH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH_(2-(3-quinolyl)) —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(3-quinolyl)

II. Cyclization of Fused Ring at Position 12-13

Intermediates (107)-(109) or (107′)-(109′) can then be prepared from intermediates (4)-(6).

It will be noted that the presence of the 12-hydroxyl group is required. As mentioned above the 6-OH can be converted to —OR_(a) before or after the carbamate or carbonate ring is formed. FIG. 8 illustrates the reaction sequence from a compound analogous to compound (4) to a compound analogous to compounds (109) and (109′) in the first steps, where the 6-OH is not yet converted to —OR_(a).

To prepare compounds (107)-(109), the vinyl or other group having a π-bond in positions α, β to the ring at the 13 position of any of compounds (4)-(6) is first converted to an aldehyde by ozonolysis, preferably by using ozone and dimethyl sulfide and triphenyl phosphite in methanol.

The aldehyde at position 13 is then converted to an imine and then an amine using compounds of the formulas H₂NR, H₂NOR, H₂NNHCOR, H₂NN═CHR or H₂NNHR, where R is H or R_(a), and NaBH₃CN. R_(x) is lost during ozonolysis in the formation of the aldehyde. The amine is then converted to compounds (107)-(109) using PhOCOCl. Reaction of compounds (107)-(109) with sodium hydride in THF provides a compound analogous to the compounds of formulas (110)-(112) below, which are also analogous to compounds of formulas (101)-(103) wherein L is carbonyl and T is NR, as shown in FIG. 8 for the 6-hydroxy analogs to compounds (109) and (103) in the second step.

To prepare compounds (107′)-(109′), the aldehyde is prepared from the vinyl as described above and then NaBH₄ is used to form the alcohol in compounds (107′)-(109′).

Reaction of compounds (107′)-(109′) with PhOCOCl and then sodium hydride and finally treatment with methanol provides the 6-hydroxy analogs of the cyclic carbonate compounds of formulas (110′)-(112′) below, which are compounds of formulas (101)-(103) wherein L is carbonyl and T is —O—, as shown in FIG. 8 for the 6-hydroxy analogs of compounds (109′) and (103) in the second step.

The 6-hydroxy group can then be converted to R_(a) and the protected 2′ and 4″-hydroxy groups can be deprotected as described above.

The compounds of the invention of the formulas (110)-(112) or (110′)-(112′) are formed from the intermediate compounds (107)-(109) or (107′)-(109′) respectively as discussed above:

where R_(j) represents the substituents on the nitrogen as described above. The preparation of compounds of the formulas (110)-(112) or (110′)-(112′) follows the procedure described by Baker et al. J Org Chem (1988) 53:2340, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Alternate or additional procedures may be used to prepare compounds (110)-(112) where R_(j) is not H.

For example, the compounds of formulas (110)-(112) wherein R_(j) is H can be reacted with an alkylating agent which is of the formula R-halogen to replace the hydrogen on the ring nitrogen with an alkyl group, as shown in FIG. 9.

Further, compounds (110)-(112) that do not contain an acyl group as a substituent on the nitrogen of T can be formed by treatment of such compounds (110)-(112) with an acylating agent selected from the group consisting of R(CO)-halogen or (RCO)₂O to give compounds (107)-(109) wherein T is —N— and R_(j) is —NH—COR.

Treatment of compounds (110)-(112) where R_(j) is —NH₂ with an aldehyde R—CHO, wherein R is as defined previously gives compounds (110)-(112) wherein R_(j) is —N═CHR.

Treatment of compounds (110)-(112), where R_(j) is —NH₂ with an alkylating agent having the formula R-halogen, wherein R is as defined previously, gives the compounds (110)-(112) where R_(j) is R.

Of course, if the substrate for the ring formation is a compound of formula (4) wherein G is R_(x)—CH═C(R_(d)′)—, a compound of the formula (103) results; modifications can then be conducted to convert the compound of formula (103) to compounds of formulas (101) and (102), as described above. Under these circumstances, the keto group would be protected by a derivatized oxime and the 2′ hydroxyl group would be protected with a protecting group. Such modifications include removal of the cladinose moiety by acid hydrolysis; oxidizing the 3-hydroxyl group; and deprotecting the protected hydroxyl and keto groups.

According to the alternate procedure shown in FIG. 10, the 6 hydroxy group is converted to R_(a) before the cyclic carbamate or carbonate is formed, as in the process of FIG. 2. This scheme follows Scheme 7a for the synthesis of compounds I₁-I₅. Specifically, the intermediate compound (I₁), which is the 9-oxime compound of erythromycin A, is subjected to acid hydrolysis with dilute mineral or organic acid as described previously to remove the cladinose moiety and give intermediate compound (I₂). The oxime compound (I₂) is then converted to the protected oxime compound (I₃) wherein V is ═N—O—R¹ where R¹ is a protecting group, by reaction with the appropriately substituted oxime protecting reagent. The 3 and 2′-hydroxy groups of (I₃) are then protected, preferably with a trimethylsilyl protecting group, to give compound (I₄). Compound (I₄) is then alkylated as described previously to give compound (I₅), and compound (I₅) is first deoximated as described above then the deoximated product is converted to the compound (I₁₀₆) by the procedures described for preparation of the 6-hydroxy analog of compound (103) from the 6-hydroxy analog of compound (4) in FIG. 8. FIG. 10 shows compound (I₁₀₆) is then deprotected and oxidized to the 3-ketolide derivative, compound (110) of the invention, wherein L is CO and T is —NR_(j) or —O— by procedures described previously. Intermediate compound (I₁₀₆) can also be deprotected and dehydrated to form compound (111) of the invention, also shown in FIG. 10.

As mentioned earlier, the 6-position substituent can be manipulated after the compounds (101)-(103) are formed. For example, compound (110) can be prepared wherein R_(a) is —CH₂—CH—N—OR_(h) and R_(h) is H or C₁-C₃-alkyl, aryl substituted C₁-C₃-alkyl, or heteroaryl substituted C₁-C₃-alkyl. In this method, a first compound (110), wherein R_(a) is —CH₂—CH═CH₂, is treated with ozone to form a second compound (110) wherein R_(a) is —CH₂—CH═O. Then, compound (110), wherein R_(a) is —CH₂—CH═O, is further treated with a hydroxylamine compound having the formula NH₂—O—R_(h), wherein R_(h) is as previously defined; and is optionally deprotected, and the desired compound may be isolated. In a preferred embodiment of the process immediately above, R is H.

In another embodiment of the invention is a process for preparing a compound (110) wherein R_(a) is —CH₂—CH₂—NH—R_(i) where R_(i), with the atom to which it is attached, form a 3-10 membered substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring. The method comprises reductively aminating compound (110) wherein R_(a) is —CH₂—CH═O with an amine compound having the formula —NH₂—R_(i), wherein R_(i) is as previously defined; and optionally deprotecting, and isolating the desired compound.

In addition, manipulation to the hydroxyl group at the 6 position can be conducted after the carbamate or carbonate rings are formed, as shown in FIG. 11a. In FIG. 11a the 6-hydroxy analog of the compound of formulas (112) or (112′), are converted to compound (103), and further, compound (101) of the invention.

According to this alternative procedure illustrated in FIG. 11a, the keto group at the 9 position in compound (I_(a)) is converted to an oxime as in compound (I_(b)) and then to a derivatized oxime in compound (I_(c)), which will form the protecting group as described above.

The hydroxyl groups at the 2′ and 4″ positions of the cladinose moieties are then provided with trimethylsilyl protecting groups as shown in compound (I_(d)). The protection of the 2′ and 4″ hydroxyls and the keto group at position 9, prepares the compound for alkylation of the hydroxyl group at the 6 position as described above, which gives the compound of formula (103).

The 9-keto and 2′ and 4″ hydroxy groups then can be deprotected to restore the 2′ and 4″ hydroxy groups and an ═NOH group at the 9 position which can be further converted to the original 9-keto group as described above.

FIG. 11b illustrates the removal of the cladinose moiety at the 3 position to convert the compound of formula (103) to compound (I_(e)). The 2′-hydroxy group must be protected to give the compound (I_(f)) so that the 3-hydroxy can be oxidized to a 3-carbonyl to give compound (101). Further manipulation of the —OR_(a) group takes place to form a variation of compound (101) before final deprotection to provide a compound of formula (101) having a hydroxyl group at the 2′ position of the cladinose.

In order to prepare compounds of formulas (4)-(6) or (101)-(103) wherein one of Z and Y is H and the other OH or protected OH or is an amino derivative as described above, either the carbonyl or oxime or derivatized oxime is reduced using a suitable reducing agent. Substituted amines are obtained by alkylation.

Novel methods of synthesis of the compounds of the invention are also provided.

Exemplary Embodiments

The compounds of formulas (101), (102) and (103) are defined by their various substituents. Table 2 illustrates compounds within the scope of the present invention which are:

of formula (101) wherein R_(b) is H, Cl, F, or Br, L is CO, and R_(c) is H;

of formula (102) wherein R_(c) is H and L is CO; and

of formula (103) wherein R_(b) is H, Cl, F, or Br, R_(c) is H, L is CO, and R_(e) is H.

TABLE 2 R_(d)′ R_(a) Y Z T —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂-φ ═O —NH— —CH═CH₂ —CH₂CH═CH-φ ═O —N(CH₃)— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₃ ═NOH —N(NHCH₃)— —CH₃ —CH₂CHOHCH₃ ═NOCH₂CH₃ —N(OCH₃)— —CH(CH₃)₂ —CH₂-φ H OH —N(N═CH₂)— —CH₃ —CH₂—CH═CH₂ ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₃ —CH₂—CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₃ —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂-(3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₃ —CH₂—CH═CH-(2-methyl-6-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₃ —CH₂—CH═CH-(5-isoquinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₃ —CH₂—CH═CH-(3-bromo-6-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂ —CH₂—C═CH-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂ —CH₂—C≡C-(2-phenylethenyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂ —CH₂—C≡C-(3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂ —CH₂—C≡C-naphthyl ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂ —CH₂—C≡C-(6-methyl-2-naphthyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂ —CH₂—C≡C-(3-(2-furanyl)-6-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH═CH₂ —CH₃ ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂OH —CH₂—C═CH-(4-fluorophenyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂OH —CH₂—C═CH-(3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂OH —CH₂—C═CH-(6-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(3-pyridyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(6-chloro-3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(4-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(6-hydroxy-3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(6-methoxy-3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(6-aminocarbonyl-3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(3-(2-thiophenyl)-6-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C═CH-(6-hydroxy-2-naphthyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C≡C-(3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C≡C-(6-chloro-2-naphthyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂—C≡C-(6-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂-(2-chlorophenyl) ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NH₂ ═O —O— or —NH— —CH₃ OR_(a) replaced by H —NH₂ H —O— or —NH— —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ H —O— or —NH— —CH₃ OR_(a) replaced by H

H —O— or —NH— —CH₃ ″

H —O— or —NH— —CH₃ ″

H —O— or —NH— —CH₃ —CH₂CHClCH₃ H

—O— or —NH— —CH₃ ″ H

—O— or —NH— —CH₃ ″ H

—O— or —NH— —CH₃ —CH₃

H —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ OR_(a) replaced by H H

—O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ ″ —NH₂ H —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CHCH(OCH₃)CH₃

H —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ H

—O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₃

H —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CHBrCH₃ H

—O— or —NH— —CH₃ —CH₂CHOHCH₃ ═NOCHCH₃ —O— or —NH— —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —NH₂ H —O— or —NH— —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH₂ ═O —N(CH₃) —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) ═O —N(CH₃) —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH₂ ═O N(CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂) —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) ═O N(CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂) —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH₂ ═O N(CH₂CH═CH₂) —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) ═O N(CH₂CH═C-(3-quinolyl)) —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH₂ ═O N(NH₂) —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) ═O N(NH₂) —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(3-quinolyl) ═O N(NH₂) —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH₂ ═O N(NH₂) —CH₃ —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) ═O N(NH₂) —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(3-quinolyl) ═O N(NH₂) H —CH₂CH₂-φ ═O —NH— H —CH₂CH═CH-φ ═O —N(CH₃)— H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₃ ═NOH —N(NHCH₃)— H —CH₂CHOHCH₃ ═NOCH₂CH₃ —N(OCH₃)— H —CH₂-φ H OH —N(N═CH₃)— H —CH₂—CH═CH₂ ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂-(3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—CH═CH-(2-methyl-6-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—CH═CH-(5-isoquinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—CH═CH-(3-bromo-6-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C═CH-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C≡C-(2-phenylethenyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C≡C-(3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C≡C-naphthyl ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C≡C-(6-methyl-2-naphthyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C≡C-(3-(2-furanyl)-6-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₃ ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C═CH-(4-fluorophenyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C═CH-(6-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C═CH-(3-pyridyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C═CH-(6-chloro-3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C═CH-(4-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C═CH-(6-hydroxy-3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C═CH-(6-methoxy-3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C═CH-(6-aminocarbonyl-3-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C═CH-(3-(2-thiophenyl)-6-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C═CH-(6-hydroxy-2-naphthyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C≡C-(6-chloro-2-naphthyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂—C≡C-(6-quinolyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂-(2-chlorophenyl) ═O —O— or —NH— H —CH₂CH₂NH₂ ═O —O— or —NH— H OR_(a) replaced by H —NH₂ H —O— or —NH— H —CH₃ —NH₂ H —O— or —NH— H OR_(a) replaced by H

H —O— or —NH— H ″

H —O— or —NH— H ″

H —O— or —NH— H —CH₂CHClCH₃ H

—O— or —NH— H ″ H

—O— or —NH— H ″ H

—O— or —NH— H —CH₃

H —O— or —NH— H OR_(a) replaced by H H

—O— or —NH— H ″ —NH₂ H —O— or —NH— H —CHCH(OCH₃)CH₃

H —O— or —NH— H —CH₃ H

—O— or —NH— H —CH₂CH₂CH₃

H —O— or —NH— H —CH₂CHBrCH₃ H

—O— or —NH— H —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —NH₂ H —O— or —NH— H —CH₂CH═CH₂ ═O —N(CH₃) H —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) ═O —N(CH₃) H —CH₂CH═CH₂ ═O N(CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂) H —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) ═O N(CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂) H —CH₂CH═CH₂ ═O N(CH₂CH═CH₂) H —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) ═O N(CH₂CH═C-(3-quinolyl)) H —CH₂CH═CH₂ ═O N(NH₂)

EXAMPLES

The following examples are intended to illustrate but not to limit the invention.

Compound numbers and designations are found in the Illustrative Schemes.

In these examples, in the first general step of the method, a 6-deoxyerythronolide B (6-dEB) derivative compound is prepared by fermentation of a recombinant Streptomyces host cell.

The fermentation to produce 15-methyl-6-deoxyerythronolide, an intermediate compound for the compounds (1)-(3) or (1′)-(3′) and 14,15-dehydro-6-deoxyerythronolide B, an intermediate for the compounds (1)-(3), (1′)-(3′) and (101)-(103), requires a synthetic diketide intermediate to be fed to the fermenting cells. The preparation of these synthetic diketides is described in Example 1. These synthetic diketides are substrates for a 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) that is unable to act on its natural substrate (propionyl CoA) due to a mutation in the ketosynthase domain of module 1 of DEBS. This recombinant DEBS is provided by plasmid pJRJ2 in Streptomyces coelicolor CH999. S. coelicolor CH999 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,491, incorporated herein by reference. A derivative of S. coelicolor CH999, S. coelicolor K39-02, that has been genetically modified to include a ptpA gene, is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/181,833, incorporated herein by reference can also be employed for this purpose.

Plasmid pJRJ2 encodes the eryAI, eryAII, and eryAIII genes; the eryAI gene contained in the plasmid contains the KS1 null mutation. The KS1 null mutation prevents formation of the 6-deoxyerythronolide B produced by the wild-type gene unless exogenous substrate is provided. Plasmid pJRJ2 and a process for using the plasmid to prepare novel 13-substituted erythromycins are described in PCT publication Nos. 99/03986 and 97/02358 and in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/675,817, filed Jul. 5, 1996; 08/896,323, filed Jul. 17, 1997; and 09/311,756, filed May 14, 1999, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. The exogenous substrates provided can be prepared by the methods and include the compounds described in PCT patent application No. PCT/US00/02397 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/492,733, both filed Jan. 27, 2000, by inventors G. Ashley et al., and both of which claim priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/117,384, filed Jan. 27, 1999, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. PKS genes other than the ery genes can also be employed; suitable genes include the KS1 null mutation containing oleandolide and megalomicin PKS genes described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 60/158,305, filed Oct. 8, 1999 and 09/428,517, filed Oct. 28, 1999, and PCT application No. US99/24478, filed Oct. 22, 1999, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

For compounds (1)-(3) or (1′)-(3′), where there is no fused ring at C13, the fermentation to produce the intermediate 14-nor-6-deoxyerythronolide B does not require diketide feeding, because the desired compound is produced by the recombinant host cell Streptomyces coelicolor CH999/pCK7. Plasmid pCK7 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,491 and comprises the DEBS genes. A derivative of plasmid pCK7, pKOS011-26, can also be used. The host cell comprising pKOS011-26 and a recombinant ptpA gene is S. coelicolor 27-26/pKOS011-26. These host cells produce both 6-deoxyerythronolide B and 14-nor-6-deoxyerythronolide, due to the incorporation of propionyl CoA and acetyl CoA, both of which serve as substrates for DEBS.

The fermentation of Streptomyces coelicolor CH999/pJRJ2 and S. coelicolor CH999/pCK7 is described in Example 2. The isolation of the 6-deoxyerythronolide products resulting from this fermentation can be achieved by separation.

The isolated products are then added to the fermentation broth of Saccharopolyspora erythraea strains to make other useful intermediate compounds of the invention. The S. erythraea strains catalyze the biosynthesis and attachment of sugar residues to the 3 and 5 positions of the 6-dEB derivative compounds. These strains also comprise a functional eryK gene product and so hydroxylate the 6-dEB derivative compounds at the 12 position. The strains differ in regard to whether a functional eryF gene product is produced. If so, then the compounds produced are hydroxylated at the 6 position as well. If not, then a 6-deoxyerythromycin A derivative is produced. These S. erythraea fermentations are described in Example 3, together with the isolation of the erythromycin A derivative compounds from the fermentation broth.

The isolated products are then used as intermediates in the chemical synthesis of other intermediate compounds of the invention. For erythromycin A derivative intermediates that comprise a 6-hydroxyl, Examples 4-6 describe the process for alkylating the compounds to make the 6-O-alkyl intermediates of the invention. The schematic for these reactions is shown in FIG. 3.

Examples 7-9 describe the conversion of the above-described compounds of formula (4) to compounds of formula (6), and corresponding compounds that are the 10,11-anhydro forms. This is shown schematically in FIG. 12.

Examples 10-12 also set forth the process for making the 10,11-anhydro compounds of formula (4) or (6), but wherein OR_(a) is replaced by H. The reaction scheme for these conversions is shown in FIG. 13.

Examples 13 and 14 describe the synthesis of intermediate compound (5) by cleavage of the cladinose moiety intermediate compound (4). Example 15 describes the protection of the C9 carbonyl of compound (5).

Examples 16-23 set forth the synthesis of compounds (1) -(3) of the invention using various intermediate compounds and various diamine derivatives.

Examples 24-26 set forth in the synthesis of compounds (101)-(103) of the invention using various intermediates.

Examples 27-28 describe R_(a) and R_(c) conversions of compounds of the invention.

Examples 29 illustrates the halogenation of the 2-position.

Example 30 illustrates the conversion of 15-azidoerythromycin A into 15-amidoerythromycins, as shown in FIG. 14.

Example 1 Preparation of Diketide Thioesters

The processes used to prepare the N-acetylcysteaminethioesters (NAcS) used to feed the recombinant Streptomyces host cells to make the 14,15-dehydro-6-deoxyerythronolide B intermediate compounds are described in this Example. The synthesis protocols described below are also described in U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/117,384, filed Jan. 27, 1999, U.S. utility patent application Nos. 08/846,247 filed Apr. 30, 1997, 09/073,538 filed May 6, 1998, and U.S. utility patent application Ser. No. 09/492,733, filed Jan. 27, 2000, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In similar fashion, (2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pentenoate-NAcS (Preparation G), which is used to prepare the 14,15-dehydro-6-deoxyerythronolide B intermediate, is prepared from reacting (4S)-N-[(2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pentenoyl]-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone (Preparation F) with N-acetylcysteamine (Preparation B). (4S)-N-[(2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pentenoyl]-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone (Preparation F) is prepared from (4S)-N-Propionyl-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone (Propionyl-NOx; Preparation C).

A. N,S-diacetylcysteamine

Cysteamine hydrochloride (50.0 g) is added to a 1 L 3-neck round bottom flask fitted with a magnetic stir bar, 2 addition funnels, and a pH electrode. Water (300 mL) is added, and the stirred solution is cooled on ice. The pH is adjusted to 8.0 by addition of 8 N KOH. Acetic anhydride (125 mL) is placed in one addition funnel, and 8N KOH (350 mL) is placed in the other addition funnel. The acetic anhydride is added dropwise to the cysteamine solution, with 8 N KOH being added so as to keep the reaction pH at 8+/−1. After addition of acetic anhydride is complete, the pH was adjusted to 7.0 using 1 N HCl and the mixture is allowed to stir for 75 min. on ice. Solid NaCl is added to saturation, and the solution is extracted 4 times using 400 mL portions of CH₂Cl₂. The organic extracts are combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 68.9 g (97% yield) of a pale yellow oil, which crystallizes upon standing at 4° C.

B. N-acetylcysteamine

N,S-diacetylcysteamine (42.64 g) is placed in a 2 L round bottom flask fitted with a magnetic stirrer, and dissolved in 1400 mL of water. The flask is purged with N₂, and the mixture is chilled in an ice bath. Potassium hydroxide (49.42 g) is added, and the mixture is stirred for 2 hr. on ice under inert atmosphere. The pH is adjusted to 7 using 6 N HCl, and solid NaCl is added to saturation. The mixture is extracted 7 times with 500 mL portions of CH₂Cl₂. The organic extracts are combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 30.2 g (96% yield) of product. This material is distilled immediately prior to use, bp 138-140° C./7 mmHg.

C. (4S)-N-propionyl-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone (Propionyl-NOx)

A dry, 1 L three-necked round bottomed flask equipped with a 500 mL addition funnel and a stir bar was charged with 20 g of (4S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone, capped with septa and flushed with nitrogen. Anhydrous THF (300 mL) was added by cannula and the resulting solution was cooled with a −78° C. bath of dry ice/isopropanol. The addition funnel was charged with 78 mL of n-butyllithium (1.6 M in hexane) by cannula, which was added in a slow stream to the reaction. Distilled propionyl chloride (bp 77-79° C.), 8.0 mL, was added rapidly via syringe. The reaction was allowed to stir for 30 min. in the dry ice/isopropanol bath.

The reaction was removed from the cold bath, allowed to warm to >0° C., and quenched with 50 mL of saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. The mixture was concentrated to a slurry on a rotary evaporator. The slurry was extracted three times with 250 mL portions of ethyl ether. The organic extracts were combined and washed with 50 mL each of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give a yellow oil. The material crystallized upon sitting. The crystals were triturated once with cold (−20° C.) hexanes to give 21.0 g (80% yield) of white crystalline material, m.p. 41-43° C.

APCI-MS: m/z=234 (MH+), 178, 117. 1H-NMR (360 MHz, CDCl₃): δ7.2-7.4 (5H,m); 4.67 (1H,m,H4); 4.14-4.22 (2H,m,H5); 3.30 (1H,dd,J=3,13 Hz,benzylic); 2.89-3.03 (2H,m,H2′); 2.77 (1H,dd,J=9,13,benzylic); 1.20 (3H,t,J=7 Hz,H2′).

D. (4S)-N-[(2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxyhexanoyl]-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone

A dry, 2 L three-necked round bottomed flask equipped with a 500 mL addition funnel, a low-temperature thermometer, and a stir bar was charged with 19.84 g of N-propionyl-oxazolidinone, capped with septa and flushed with nitrogen. Anhydrous dichloromethane (100 mL) was added by cannula, and the resulting solution was cooled to −65° C. in a bath of dry ice/isopropanol. The addition funnel was charged by cannula with 100 mL of dibutylboron triflate (1.0 M in dichloromethane), which was added in a slow stream to the reaction. Triethylamine (15.6 mL) was added dropwise by syringe, keeping the reaction temperature below −10° C. The reaction was then transferred to an ice bath and allowed to stir at 0° C. for 30 min. After that period, the reaction was placed back into the dry ice/isopropanol bath and allowed to cool to −65° C. Butyraldehyde (8.6 mL) was added rapidly by syringe, and the reaction was allowed to stir for 30 min.

The reaction was transferred to an ice bath and the addition funnel was charged with 100 mL of a 1 M aqueous phosphate solution, pH 7.0 (the phosphate solution is comprised of equal molar amounts of mono- and dibasic potassium phosphate). The phosphate solution was added as quickly as possible while keeping the reaction temperature below 10° C. The addition funnel was then charged with 300 mL methanol which was added as quickly as possible while keeping the reaction temperature below 10° C. Finally, the addition funnel was charged with 300 mL of 2:1 methanol:30% hydrogen peroxide. This was added dropwise to ensure that the temperature was kept below 10° C. The reaction was stirred for one hr. after completion of addition. The solvent was then removed on a rotary evaporator until a slurry remained. The slurry was extracted 4 times with 500 mL portions of ethyl ether. The combined organic extracts were washed with 250 mL each of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The extract was then dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give a slightly yellow oil. The material was then chromatographed on SiO₂ using 2:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate (product Rf=0.4) resulting in 22.0 g (85% yield) of title compound as a colorless oil.

APCI-MS: m/z 306 (MH+); 1H-NMR (360 MHz, CDCl₃): δ7.2-7.4 (5H,m, phenyl); 4.71 (1H,m,H4); 4.17-4.25 (2H,m,H5); 3.96 (1H,m,H3′); 3.77 (1H,dq,J=2.5,7 Hz, H2′); 3.26 (1H,dd,J=4,13 Hz,benzylic); 2.79 (H,dd,J=9,13 Hz,benzylic); 1.5-1.6 (2H,m,H4′); 1.3-1.5 (2H,m,H5′); 1.27 (3H,d,J=7 Hz,2′-Me); 0.94 (3H,t,J=7 Hz,H6′).

E. (2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxyhexanoate N-acetylcysteamine thioester

N-acetylcysteamine was distilled at 130° C./7 mm Hg to give a colorless liquid at room temperature. A dry, 1 L three-necked round bottomed flask equipped with a 500 mL addition funnel and a stir bar was capped with septa and flushed with nitrogen. The flask was then charged with 10.7 mL of N-acetylcysteamine by syringe and with 400 mL of anhydrous THF by cannula. The mixture was cooled with a MeOH/ice bath. Butyllithium (64 mL of 1.6 M in hexanes) was added dropwise by syringe, resulting in formation of a white precipitate. After stirring for 30 min., trimethylaluminum (51 mL of 2.0 M in hexanes) was added dropwise by syringe. The reaction became clear after addition of trimethylaluminum and was allowed to stir an additional 30 min. During this period, 20.5 g (0.068 mol) of (4S)-N-[(2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxylhexanoyl]-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone was put under a blanket of nitrogen and dissolved in 100 mL of anhydrous THF; this solution was then transferred in a slow stream by cannula into the reaction. The resulting reaction mixture turned a yellow-green color and was allowed to stir for 1 hr. The reaction was finished when the starting material could no longer be seen by thin-layer chromatographic analysis (ca. 1 hr.).

The reaction was treated with enough saturated oxalic acid to give a neutral reaction with pH paper (approximately 90 mL). The solvents were then removed on a rotary evaporator to give a white slurry. The slurry was extracted six times with 250 mL portions of ethyl ether. The organic extracts were combined and washed with brine, dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give a slightly yellow oil. The thioester product was purified by flash chromatography on SiO₂ using 1:1 hexanes:EtOAc until the elution of 4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone. At that point, the solvent system was switched to 100% EtOAc to give pure fractions of diketide thioester. The product fractions were combined and concentrated to give 14.9 g (89% yield) of title compound. This compound is referred to as the propyl diketide thioester in Example 2.

APCI-MS: m/z 248 (MH+); 1H-NMR (360 MHz, CDCl₃): δ5.8 (br s,1H); 3.94 (dt,1H), 3.46 (m,2H), 3.03 (dt,2H), 2.71 (dq,1H), 1.97 (s,3H), 1.50 (m,2H), 1.37 (m,2H), 1.21 (d,3H), 0.94 (t,3H).

F. (4S)-N-[(2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pentenoyl]-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone

A dry, 2 L three-necked round bottomed flask equipped with a 500 mL addition funnel, a low-temperature thermometer, and a stir bar was charged with 20.0 g of propionyl oxazolidinone A, capped with septa and flushed with nitrogen. Anhydrous dichloromethane (100 ml) was added and the resulting solution was cooled to −15° C. in a bath of methanol/ice. Dibutylboron triflate (100 mL of 1.0 M in dichloromethane) was added in a slow stream via the addition funnel at such a rate as to keep the reaction temperature below 3° C. Diisopropylethylamine (17.9 mL) was added dropwise by syringe, again keeping the internal temperature below 3° C. The reaction was then cooled to −65° C. using a dry ice/isopropanol bath. Acrolein was added over 5 min. by syringe. The reaction was allowed to stir for 30 min. after completion of addition.

The reaction was then transferred to an ice bath and the addition funnel was charged with 120 mL (0.1 mol) of a 1 M aqueous phosphate solution, pH 7.0 (the phosphate solution is comprised of equal molar amounts of mono- and dibasic phosphate). The phosphate solution was added as quickly as possible while keeping the reaction temperature below 10° C. The addition funnel was then charged with 400 mL of methanol that were added as quickly as possible while keeping the reaction temperature below 10° C. Finally, the addition funnel was charged with 400 mL of 2:1 methanol:30% hydrogen peroxide by initial dropwise addition to keep the temperature below 10° C. The reaction was stirred for one hour. The solvent was removed using a rotary evaporator, leaving a slurry. The slurry was extracted 4 times with 500 mL portions of ethyl ether. The organic extracts were combined and washed with 250 mL each of saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine, then dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give a slightly yellow oil. Trituration with hexane induced crystallization. Recrystallization from ether by addition of hexane resulted in 13.67 g (55% yield) of product.

1H-NMR (360 MHz, CDCl₃): δ7.2-7.4 (m,5H); 5.86 (ddd,1H), 5.35 (dt,1H), 5.22 (dt,1H), 4.71 (m,1H), 4.51 (m,1H), 4.21 (m,2H), 3.89 (dq,1H), 3.26 (dd,1H), 2.80 (dd,1H), 1.25 (d,3H).

G. (2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pentenoate N-acetylcysteamine thioester

N-acetylcysteamine was distilled at 130° C./7 mm Hg to give a colorless liquid at room temperature. A dry, 1 L three-necked round bottomed flask equipped with a 500 mL addition funnel and a stir bar was capped with septa and flushed with nitrogen. The flask was then charged with 7.5 mL of N-acetylcysteamine by syringe and with 500 mL of anhydrous THF by cannula. The reaction was then cooled with a MeOH/ice bath. Butyllithium (44 mL of 1.6 M in hexane) was added dropwise by syringe. A white precipitate formed as the n-BuLi was added. After stirring for 30 min., 35.5 mL (0.071 mol) of trimethylaluminum (2.0 M in hexane) were added dropwise by syringe. The reaction became clear after addition of trimethylaluminum and was allowed to stir an additional 30 min. (4S)-N-[(2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pentenoyl]-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone from Preparation F (13.6 g) was put under a blanket of nitrogen, dissolved in 50 mL of anhydrous THF, and this solution was then transferred in a slow stream by cannula into the reaction. The resulting reaction mixture turned a yellow-green color and was allowed to stir for 1 hr. The reaction was judged to be finished when starting material could no longer be seen by thin-layer chromatography (ca. 30 min.).

Enough saturated oxalic acid was added to give a neutral reaction with pH paper (approximately 60 mL). The solvents were then removed by rotary evaporator to give a white slurry. The slurry was extracted six times with 250 mL portions of ethyl ether. The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give a slightly yellow oil. The thioester was then purified by flash chromatography on SiO₂. The column was run with 1:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate until the elution of oxazolidinone. At that point, the eluent was switched to 100% ethyl acetate to give pure fractions of product. The fractions were combined and concentrated to give 7.7 g (71% yield) of title compound product. This product is referred to as the vinyl diketide thioester in Example 2.

1H-NMR (360 MHz, CDCl₃): δ5.82 (ddd,1H), 5.78 (br s, 1H), 5.32 (dt,1H), 5.21 (dt,1H), 4.47 (m,1H), 3.45 (m,2H), 3.04 (m,2H), 2.81 (dq,1H), 1.96 (s,3H), 1.22 (d,3H).

Example 2 Preparation of Erythronolide

A. 15-methyl-6-deoxyerythronolide B (Compound P, R_(a)=H, G=R_(d)=propyl)

Streptomyces coelicolor CH999/pJRJ2 is described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/896,323, filed Jul. 17, 1997, and 08/675,817, filed Jul. 5, 1996, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Plasmid pJRJ2 encodes a mutated form of DEBS in which the ketosynthase domain of module 1 (KS1) has been inactivated via mutagenesis (KS1°). S. coelicolor strains comprising this plasmid that are fed (2S, 3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxyhexanoate-N-acetylcysteamine (Preparation E, propyl diketide) of Example 1 produce 15-methyl-6-deoxyerythronolide B.

A 1 mL vial of the CH999/pJRJ2 working cell bank is thawed and the contents of the vial are added to 50 mL of Inoculum Medium 1 in a 250 mL baffled flask. The flask is placed in an incubator/shaker maintained at 30±1° C. and 175±25 RPM for 48±10 hours. The 50 mL culture is then added to a 2.8 L baffled flask containing 500 mL of Inoculum Medium 1. This flask is incubated in an incubator/shaker at 30±1° C. and 175±25 RPM for 48±10 hours. The 500 mL culture is divided equally among ten 2.8 L baffled flasks each containing 500 mL of Inoculum Medium 1. All flasks are then incubated as described previously.

A 150 L fermenter is prepared by sterilizing 100 L of Production Medium 1 at 121° C. for 45 minutes. After incubation, all 10 flasks are combined in a 5 L sterile inoculation bottle and aseptically added to a 150 L fermenter. The fermenter is controlled at 30° C., pH 6.5 by addition of 2.5 N H₂SO₄ and 2.5 N NaOH, dissolved oxygen ≧80% air saturation by agitation rate (500-700 RPM), air flow rate (10-50 LPM), and/or back pressure control (0.1-0.4 bar). Foam is controlled by the intermittent addition of a 50% solution of Antifoam B.

At 24±5 hours (2S, 3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxyhexanoyl-N-acetylcysteamine (propyl diketide, Preparation E in Example 1) is added to a final concentration of 1 g/L. Propyl diketide is prepared by solubilizing in dimethyl sulfoxide at a ratio of 1:4 (diketide to DMSO) and then filter sterilized (0.2 μm, nylon filter). Production of 15-methyl-6-deoxyerythronolide B (15-methyl-6dEB) ceases on day 7 and the fermenter is harvested. The fermentation broth is centrifuged at 20,500 g in an Alpha Laval AS-26 centrifuge. The product is predominantly in the centrate; the centrifuged cell mass is discarded.

This process has also been completed in a 1000 L fermenter (700 L working volume). The inoculum process is identical to the above process except that the 150 L fermenter is charged with Inoculum Medium 1 and the 1000 L fermenter is charged with Production Medium 1. The fermenter is controlled at 30° C., pH 6.5 by addition of 2.5-5 N H₂SO₄ and 2.5-5 N NaOH, dissolved oxygen ≧70% air saturation by agitation rate (140-205 RPM), air flow rate (100-200 LPM), and/or back pressure control (0.2-0.5 bar). Foam is controlled by the addition of a 50% solution of Antifoam B as needed. At 24±5 hours racemic 2-methyl-3-hydroxyhexanoyl-N-propionylcysteamine (300 grams) is added to the 1000 L fermenter. The fermenter is harvested at 4.6 days by centrifugation as described above.

Media used in this process include the following:

Inoculum Medium 1 Component Concentration KNO₃ 2 g/L Yeast extract 20 g/L Hycase SF 20 g/L FeSO₄—7H₂O 25 mg/L NaCl (12.5% stock) 4 mL/L MgSO₄ (12.5% stock) 4 mL/L MnSO₄—H₂O (0.5% stock) 1 mL/L ZnSO₄—7H₂O (1.0% stock) 1 mL/L CaCl₂—2H₂O (2.0% stock) 1 mL/L Sterilized by autoclaving for 60 minutes at 121° C.

Post-sterile Additions:

1) 1 mL/L of 50 mg/ml Thiostrepton in 100% DMSO, sterile filtered.

2) 1 mL/L 100% Antifoam B silicon emulsion (J. T. Baker), autoclaved.

3) 40 mL of 500 g/L glucose, sterile filtered.

Production Medium 1 Component g/L Corn Starch 45 Corn steep liquor 10 Dried, inactivated brewers yeast 10 CaCO₃ 1 Sterilized in fermenter for 45 minutes at 121° C.

Post-sterile Additions for Production Medium 1

1) 1 mL/L of 50 mg/ml Thiostrepton in 100% DMSO, sterile filtered.

2) 1 mL/L of 100% Antifoam B (J. T. Baker), autoclaved.

After centrifugation, the centrate is filtered. The filtrate (approximately 700 L) are passed through an Amicon Moduline column (20×350 cm) containing 20 L of HP20 resin (Mitsubishi). The flow rate during loading is 4 L/minute with a pressure drop below 8 psi. After loading the resin is washed with 20 L of water and then 40 L of 30% methanol. 15-methyl-6dEB is eluted using 100% methanol. Four 12 L fractions were collected with fractions 2, 3 and 4 containing all of the detectable 15-methyl-6dEB. The 15-methyl-6dEB product pool is diluted with 36.7 L of water giving 75 L of a clear solution. This solution is loaded directly onto a 5 L Amicon Vantage Column containing HP20SS resin (Mitsubishi). Column loading is carried out at 1 L/minute. The column is eluted with 20 L of 65% methanol, 20 L of 70% methanol, 20 L of 80% methanol, and finally 20 L of 100% methanol. A total of 16×5 L fractions were collected. The 80% fractions along with the last 70% fraction were combined (25 L) and evaporated to dryness. The resulting residue is dissolved in 1 L of 100% methanol, filtered, evaporated, and dried in a vacuum oven at 40° C. This process resulted in 33 g of a solid product containing 93% 15-methyl-6dEB.

B. 14,15-dehydro-6-deoxyerythronolide B (Compound P, R_(a)=H, G=R_(d)=allyl

S. coelicolor strains comprising this plasmid that are fed (2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pentenoate NAc Cysteamine thioester (Preparation G) of Example 1 produce 14,15-dehydro-6-deoxyerythronolide B when prepared in accordance with the process described in Preparation A above to produce 15-methyl-6-deoxyerythronolide B.

C. 14-nor-6-deoxyerythronolide B (Compound P, R_(a)=H, G=R_(d)=methyl)

Similarly, 14-nor-6-deoxyerythronolide B is produced using S. coelicolor CH999/pCK7 host, without using a diketide thioester, when prepared in accordance with the process described in Example 2A.

Example 3 Preparation of Erythromycins

The 6-dEB derivative compounds produced in Example 2 is converted to erythromycin derivatives using a recombinant strain of Saccharopolyspora erythraea. For production of erythromycins having both the 6- and 12-hydroxyl groups, the S. erythraea strain used was K40-67 or K39-14V. This strain was created by transforming an S. erythraea strain capable of producing high levels of erythromycin A with a pWHM3-derived plasmid comprising a mutated eryA1 sequence encoding an inactivated KS1 domain. By homologous recombination, the resulting transformants were rendered incapable of producing 6-deoxyerythronolide B. Thus the dEB analog fed is not subject to competition for hydroxylation at the 6-position. For production of erythromycin derivatives having only the 12-hydroxyl group, the S. erythraea strain used was K39-07. This strain was constructed from strain K40-67 by disruption of the eryF hydroxylase gene; this destroys the ability to hydroxylate the analog at the 6-position. Both strains were fermented under substantially similar conditions, as described below.

15-methyl-erythromycin A: 15-methyl-erythromycin A is produced according to the following protocol: A 1 mL vial of the K39-14V working cell bank is thawed and the contents of the vial are added to 50 mL of Inoculum Medium 2 in a 250 mL baffled flask. The flask is placed in an incubator/shaker maintained at 34±1° C. and 175±25 RPM for 48±10 hours. The 50 mL culture is then added to a 2.8 L baffled flask containing 500 mL of Inoculum Medium 2. The flask is incubated in an incubator/shaker at 34±1° C. and 175±25 RPM for 48±10 hours. The 500 mL culture is divided equally among ten 2.8 L baffled flasks each containing 500 mL of Inoculum Medium 2. All flasks are then incubated as described previously.

A 150 L fermenter is prepared by sterilizing 100 L of Production Medium 2 at 121 ° C. for 45 minutes. After incubation, all 10 flasks are combined in a 5 L sterile inoculation bottle and aseptically added to a 150 L fermenter. The fermenter is controlled at 34° C., pH 7.0 by addition of 2.5 N H₂SO₄ and 2.5 N NaOH, dissolved oxygen ≧80% air saturation by agitation rate (500-700 RPM), air flow rate (15-50 LPM), and/or back pressure control (0.1-0.4 bar). Foam is controlled by the addition of a 50% solution of Antifoam B.

At 24±5 hours a 58-60 mL/hour 15% dextrin (w/v) feed is initiated. The dextrin solution is continuously mixed during the feed period. At 24±5 hours 25 grams of 15-methyl-6dEB (Preparation A in Example 2) are added to the fermenter. The 15-methyl-6dEB is prepared by solubilizing 25 grams of 15-methyl-6dEB in 400-600 mL of 100% ethanol and filtering (0.2 μm, nylon filter). Conversion of 15-methyl-6dEB to 15-methyl-erythromycin A ceases after 60±10 hours and the fermenter is harvested. The fermentation broth is centrifuged at 20,500 g in an Alpha Laval AS-26 centrifuge. The product is predominantly in the centrate; the centrifuged cell mass is discarded.

Media used in this process include the following:

Inoculum Medium 2 Component g/L Corn Starch 16.0 Corn dextrin 10.0 Soy Meal Flour 15.0 CaCO₃ 4.0 Corn steep liquor 5.0 Soy Bean Oil 6.0 NaCl 2.5 (NH₄)₂SO₄ 1.0 Sterilized by autoclaving for 60 minutes at 121° C.

Post-sterile Addition

1 mL/L 100% Antifoam B (J. T. Baker), autoclaved.

Production Medium 2 Component g/L Corn Starch 17.5 Corn Dextrin (Type 3) 16.0 Soy Meal Flour 16.5 CaCO₃ 4.0 Corn steep liquor 6.0 Soy Bean Oil 3.0 NaCl 3.5 (NH₄)₂SO₄ 1.0 Sterilized in fermenter for 45 minutes at 121° C.

Centrifuged fermentation broth (127 L) containing 34 g of the target molecule is passed through 18.3 L of HP20 sorbent packed into an Amicon P350 Moduline 2 chromatography column. At 4 L/min loading, backpressure is found to be less than 5 psi. Following loading, the resin is washed with 20 L deionized water and then 40 L of 30% methanol. 15-methyl-erythromycin A is eluted using 54 L of 100% methanol. The product pool is evaporated using a Buchi rotary evaporator (R-152). The solids were dissolved in a minimal amount of 100% methanol, filtered and the filtrate evaporated to dryness. This resulted in 123 g of material containing 30% 15-methyl-erythromycin A by weight. 80 grams of the 30% material is extracted twice with 1 L of 40° C. acetone. The acetone extract is filtered, and the filtrate is dried on the inside surface of a 20 L rotary evaporation flask. The solids were extracted with 9:1 hexane to acetone three times at 40° C. The organic extracts were pooled and evaporated to dryness giving 32 g of solids enriched (68%) in 15-methyl-erythromycin A. The product pool from the acetone/hexane extraction is dissolved in 1 L of methanol to which an equal amount of water is added. The methanol solution is loaded onto a HP20SS chromatography column (Kontes) previously washed and equilibrated with 50% methanol. Column dimensions were 4.8×115 cm. Column loading with respect to 15-methyl-erythromycin A is 11 g/L. The column is washed with 50% (0.8 L) and 60% (8 L) methanol in water. Elution of the target molecule is carried out using 70% (8L), 80% (16 L) and 85% (8 L) methanol in water. 1 L fractions were collected. Fractions 11-29 were combined, evaporated and dried in a vacuum oven giving 23 g of product with 93% purity.

The following compounds are also produced by this methodology: 14-norerythromycin A (G=R_(d)=Me); 14,15-dehydro-erythromycin A (G=R_(d)=allyl, R_(x)=R_(d)′=H); 14-nor-6-deoxy-erythromycin A; 14,15-dehydro-6-deoxy-erythromycin A; and 15-methyl-6-deoxy-erythromycin A. When used to make 3-descladinose-3-oxo-derivatives, the erythromycin A derivatives were not separated from the erythromycin C derivatives; instead, mixtures of the erythromycin A and erythromycin C compounds were used as starting materials for chemical derivatization.

These products were extracted and purified as follows:

In general, fermentation broths are brought to pH 8.0 by addition of NaOH and ethanol is added (0.1 L/L broth). The broth is clarified by centrifugation and loaded onto an XAD-16 resin (Rohm and Haas) column (1 kg XAD/1 g erythromycin analogs) at a flow rate of 2-4 mL/cm²-min. The loaded resin is washed with 2 column volumes of 20% (v/v) ethanol in water and the erythromycin analogs are eluted from the resin with acetone and collected in ½column volume fractions. The fractions containing erythromycin analogs are identified by thin-layer chromatography (ethyl acetate:hexanes 1:1) and HPLC/MS.

The acetone fractions containing erythromycin analogs are pooled and the volatiles are removed under reduced pressure. The resulting aqueous mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract is washed with saturated NaH₂CO₃ and brine solutions, dried over sodium or magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. Crude material is dissolved in dichloromethane and loaded onto a pad of silica gel and washed with dichloromethane:methanol (96:4 v/v) until the eluent is no longer yellow. The desired material is with dichloromethane:methanol:triethylamine (94:4:2 v/v) and collected in fractions. Fractions containing erythromycin are identified by thin-layer chromatography, collected and concentrated under reduced pressure. This material is recrystallized from dichloromethane/hexanes.

This general procedure is illustrated as follows, which is specific for intermediate of compounds (1)-(3) or (1′)-(3′):

(i) 14-norerythromycins: 1 liter of ethanol was added to each of 10 liters of fermentation broth. The broth was centrifuged and the supernatant was passed through 0.6 liters of XAD (column dimensions 17 cm×6.5 cm) at a flow rate of 100 mL/min. After loading, the column was washed with 1.5 liters of 20% (v/v) ethanol in water. The desired material was then eluted with acetone. The fractions containing this material were concentrated under reduced pressure until the volatiles were removed and the aqueous remainder was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layers were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, brine, dried with magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude extract.

Crude material (0.6 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane and gravity filtered through a 3 cm pad of silica gel in a 6 cm diameter fritted funnel. The material was eluted with 400 mL of dichloromethane followed by 400 mL dichloromethane:methanol:triethylamine (90:10:2 v/v) and collected in 40 mL fractions. Fractions containing erythromycin were identified by thin-layer chromatography (ether:methanol:NH₄OH 90:8:2 v/v, Rf˜0.35 and dichloromethane:methanol 95:5 v/v, Rf˜0) and concentrated under reduced pressure. This material was recrystallized from dichloromethane/hexanes.

(ii) 15-methyl-erythromycins: 8 liters of ethanol was added to approximately 80 liters of fermentation broth. The broth was centrifuged and the supernatant was passed through 2.5 liters of XAD at a flow rate of 230 mL/min. After loading the column was washed with 1 liter of water and 5 liters of 20% (v/v) ethanol in water. The desired material was then eluted with acetone. The fractions containing this material were concentrated under reduced pressure until the volatiles were removed and the aqueous remainder was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layers were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, brine, dried with magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude extract

Crude material (8.3 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane and gravity filtered through a 3 cm pad of silica gel in a 9 cm diameter fritted funnel. The material was eluted with 200 mL of dichloromethane followed by 600 mL of dichloromethane: methanol (96:4 v/v) followed by 900 mL dichloromethane:methanol:triethylamine (89:9:2 v/v) and collected in 40 mL fractions. Fractions containing erythromycin were identified by thin-layer chromatography (ether:methanol:NH₄OH 90:8:2 v/v, Rf˜0.4 and dichloromethane:methanol 95:5, Rf˜0.05) and concentrated under reduced pressure. This material was re-subjected to the above procedure before it was suitable for recrystallization.

(iii) 14-nor-6-deoxy-erythromycins: 1 liter of ethanol was added to each of 2 10 liter fermenting. The broths were centrifuged and the supernatants were combined for a total of approximately 22 liters. The combined broths were then passed through 1 liter of XAD (column dimensions 23.5 cm×6.5 cm (i.d.) at a flow rate of 170 mL/min. After loading the column was washed with 2 liters of 20% (v/v) ethanol in water. The desired material was then eluted with acetone. The fractions containing this material were concentrated under reduced pressure until the volatiles were removed and the aqueous remainder was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layers were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, brine, dried with magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude extract.

(iv) 15-methyl-6-deoxy-erythromycins: 1 liter of ethanol was added to each of 3 fermentors containing 10 liters of broth. The broths were centrifuged and the supernatant was passed over 1.25 liters of XAD (column dimensions 40 cm×6.5 cm) at a flow rate of 130 mL/min. The column was then washed with 3 liters of 20% (v/v) ethanol in water. The desired material was then eluted with acetone. The fractions containing this material were concentrated under reduced pressure until the volatiles were removed and the aqueous remainder was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layers were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, brine, dried with magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude extract.

Crude material (2.8 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane and gravity filtered through a 3 cm pad of silica gel in a 6 cm diameter fritted funnel. The material was eluted with 400 mL of dichloromethane:methanol (96:4 v/v) followed by 400 mL dichloromethane:methanol:triethylamine (89:9:2 v/v) and collected in 40 mL fractions. Fractions containing erythromycin were identified by thin-layer chromatography (ether:methanol:NH₄OH 90:8:2 v/v and dichloromethane:methanol 95:5) and concentrated under reduced pressure. This material required further purification by silica gel chromatography.

Example 4 Synthesis of 6-O-methyl-14-norerythromycin A. i.e., Formula (4) Where R_(a)=Me, G=R_(d)=Me, R_(c)=H, R_(e)=H

A. 14-Norerythromycin A 9-Oxime

A solution of 14-norerythromycin A (0.621 g, 80% pure), hydroxylamine (0.5 ml of 50% aqueous solution) and acetic acid (0.2 ml) in isopropanol (2 ml) was kept at 50° C. for 22 hours. It was extracted with chloroform/ethanol (3/2), washed with sodium bicarbonate, brine, and dried over MgSO₄. Filtration and evaporation in vacuo yielded a crude product (0.65 g) as a white solid which was used directly for next transformation.

B. 14-Norerythromycin A-9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime

To a solution of above crude 14-noreythromycin A 9-oxime (0.65 g) and 1,1-diisopropoxy-cyclohexanone (0.95 ml) in methylene chloride (2 ml) was added pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) (0.333 g) in methylene chloride (2 ml). After stirring overnight, the mixture was extracted (chloroform/ethanol 3:2), washed (NaHCO₃-H₂O, brine), and dried (MgSO₄). After filtration and evaporation in vacuo, the crude product was repeatedly driven with toluene and isopropanol to yield 0.74 g of product, which was used directly for next reaction.

C. 2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-14-norerythiomycin A-9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime

To a solution of 14-norerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime (0.74 g) in methylene chloride (6 ml) was added a solution of trimethylsilyl imidazole (0.33 ml) and trimethylsilyl chloride (0.18 ml) in methylene chloride (2 ml) at 0° C. After 5 minute stirring, ethyl acetate was added, washed (NaHCO₃-H₂O, brine), and dried (MgSO₄). Flash chromatography on silica gel (10:1 hexanes:acetone, 1% triethylamine) afforded pure product as a white solid (0.50 g). Mass spectrometry reveals [M+H⁺]=1020.

D. 6-O-Methyl-2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-14-norerythromycin A-9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime

A solution of 2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-14-norerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime (0.3 g, 0.29 mmol) in 1:1 methylsulfoxide/tetrahydrofuran (DMSO/THF) (1.4 ml) was treated with 0.3 ml of a 2 M solution of methyl bromide in ether and cooled to 10° C. A mixture of 1 M solution of potassium tert-butoxide in THF (0.6 ml) and DMSO (0.6 ml) was added over 6 hours using a syringe pump. The reaction was then diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with saturated NaHCO₃, brine, and dried over MgSO₄. Filtration and evaporation in vacuo yielded a crude product (0.29 g) as a white solid. Mass spectrometry reveals [M+H⁺]=1034.

E. 6-O-Methyl-14-norerythromycin A 9-oxime

A mixture of6-O-methyl-2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-14-norerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime (0.29 g), acetic acid (3.6 ml), acetonitrile (6 ml) and water (3 ml) was stirred at ambient temperature for 4.5 hours. The mixture was driven to dryness using toluene to give a crude product as white solid (0.24 g), which was used directly for next step without further purification.

F. 6-O-Methyl-14-norerythromycin A

A mixture of6-O-methyl-14-norerythromycin A 9-oxime (0.24 g), sodium hydrosulfite (0.45 g, 85% pure), water (3 ml), ethanol (3 ml) and formic acid (0.07 ml) was kept at 85° C. for 8 hours. The reaction was brought to pH 8 with 1 N NaOH and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to yield a crude product as a white solid (0.2 g). Mass spectrometry reveals [M+H⁺]=735.

Example 5 Synthesis of 6-O-methyl-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A, i.e. Formula (4) Where G=R_(d)=CH═CH₂, (R_(x)=R_(d)′=H), R_(a)=Me, R_(c)=H, R_(e)=H

A. 14,15-dehydroerythromycin A 9-oxime

A suspension of 14,15-dehydroerythromycin A (1.984 g, 47% purity, 1.2 mmol) in 6 mL of 2-propanol was treated with 1.97 mL of 50% aqueous hydroxylamine and stirred until dissolved. Acetic acid (0.62 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 25 hours at 50° C. Upon cooling to ambient temperature, saturated NaHCO₃ was added and the mixture was concentrated en vacuo to remove isopropanol. The resulting aqueous mixture was extracted three times with 250-mL portions of CHCl₃. The organic extracts were combined, washed with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine, then dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to yield 0.92 g of product.

B. 14,15-dehydroerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime

The oxime from (A) (0.92 g) was dissolved in 6.2 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and treated with 1,1-diisopropoxycyclohexane (1.23 g) and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (0.464 gm) for 15 hours at ambient temperature. The mixture was diluted with 160 mL of CH₂Cl₂, then washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine. The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield a brown syrup. Chromatography on silica gel (gradient from toluene to 1:1 toluene/acetone+1% Et₃N) yielded 0.998 g of product.

C. 2′,4″-bis(O-trimethylsilyl)-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime

A solution of 14,15-dehydroerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime (998 mg, 9.96) in 11.25 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was cooled on ice under inert atmosphere and treated with a solution of chlorotrimethylsilane (0.24 mL) and 1-trimethylsilylimidazole (0.44 mL). After 30 minutes, the reaction was diluted with 250 mL of ethyl acetate and washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine. The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield 1.002 g of product.

D 2′,4″-bis(O-trimethylsilyl)-6-O-methyl-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime

A solution of 2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime (1.00 g, 20.7 mmol) in 9.69 mL of 1:1 tetrahydrofuran/methylsulfoxide was cooled to 10° C. and treated with 0.97 mL of 2.0 M methyl bromide in ether under inert atmosphere. A mixture of methylsulfoxide (1.94 mL) and 1.0 M potassium tert-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran (1.94 mL) was added slowly. The reaction was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (silica gel, 10:1 toluene/acetone), and was judged complete after addition of 1.6 molar equivalents of base. The reaction was diluted with 200 mL of ethyl acetate and 70 mL of saturated NaHCO₃. The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel, diluted with 850 mL of ethyl acetate and 280 mL of saturated NaHCO₃, then washed sequentially with water and brine. The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄, filtered through Celite, and evaporated to yield 21.2 g of crude 6-O-methyl-2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime. This was carried on without further purification.

E. 6-O-methyl-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A 9-oxime

A solution of 6-O-methyl-2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime (1.0 g) in 9.8 mL of 2:1 acetonitrile/water was treated with 5.3 mL of acetic acid, and stirred for 8 hours at ambient temperature. The mixture was concentrated en vacuo, then repeatedly concentrated after addition of toluene to yield 0.797 g of crude 6-O-methyl-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A 9-oxime.

F. 6-O-methyl-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A

A solution of 6-O-methyl-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A 9-oxime (0.797 g) and sodium hydrosulfite (85%, 1.02 g) in 7.5 mL of 1:1 ethanol/water was placed under inert atmosphere. Formic acid (0.186 mL) was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reaction was adjusted to pH 10 with 6 N NaOH and extracted three times with 150-mL portions of ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined and washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine. The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield 0.68 g of 6-O-methyl-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A suitable for further conversion.

Example 6 Synthesis of 6-O-methyl-15-methylerythromycin A, i.e., Formula (4) Where G=R_(d)=propyl, R_(a)=Me, R_(c)=H, R_(e)=H

A. 15-Methylerythromycin A 9-Oxime

A suspension of 15-methylerythromycin A (20.0 g, 85% purity, 22.6 mmol) in 40 mL of 2-propanol was treated with 20.5 mL of 50% aqueous hydroxylamine and stirred until dissolved. Acetic acid (6.41 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 15 hours at 50° C. Upon cooling to ambient temperature, saturated NaHCO₃ was added and the mixture was concentrated en vacuo to remove isopropanol. The resulting aqueous mixture was extracted three times with 250-mL portions of CHCl₃. The organic extracts were combined, washed with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine, then dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to yield 20.5 g of crude product. Analysis by LC/MS revealed a 94:6 mixture of E and Z oximes, [M+H]⁺=764.

B. 15-Methylerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime

The crude oxime from above (20.5 g) was dissolved in 55 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and treated with 1,1-diisopropoxycyclohexane (27.3 mL) and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (9.8 gm) for 15 hours at ambient temperature. The mixture was diluted with 160 mL of CH₂Cl₂, then washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine. The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield a brown syrup. Chromatography on silica gel (gradient from 2:1 to 3:2 hexanes/acetone+1% Et₃N) yielded 18.0 g of product.

C. 2′, 4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-15-methylerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime

A solution of 15-Methylerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime (9.00 g, 9.96 mmol) in 25 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was cooled on ice under inert atmosphere and treated with a solution of chlorotrimethylsilane (1.89 mL) and 1-trimethylsilylimidazole (3.65 mL) in 8 mL of CH₂Cl₂. After 30 minutes, the reaction was diluted with 250 mL of ethyl acetate and washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine. The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (gradient from hexanes to 10:1 hexanes/acetone+1% Et₃N), yielding 7.8 g of product.

D. 6-O-Methyl-2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-15-methylerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime

A solution of 2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-15-methylerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime (21.7 g, 20.7 mmol) in 41.4 mL of tetrahydrofuran was cooled to 10° C. and treated with 41.4 mL of methylsulfoxide and 20.7 mL of 2.0 M methyl bromide in ether under inert atmosphere. A mixture of methylsulfoxide (41.4 mL) and 1.0 M potassium tert-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran (41.4 mL) was added at a rate of ca. 20 mL per hour. The reaction was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (silica gel, 10:1 toluene/acetone), and was judged complete after addition of 1.6 molar equivalents of base. The reaction was diluted with 200 mL of ethyl acetate and 70 mL of saturated NaHCO₃. The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel, diluted with 850 mL of ethyl acetate and 280 mL of saturated NaHCO₃, then washed sequentially with water and brine. The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄, filtered through Celite, and evaporated to yield 21.2 g of crude 6-O-methyl-2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-15-methylerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime. This was carried on without further purification.

E. 6-O-Methyl-15-methylerythromycin A 9-oxime

A solution of 6-O-methyl-2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-15-methylerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime (21.2 g) in 110 mL of acetonitrile was treated with 55 mL of water and 67 mL of acetic acid, and stirred for 8 hours at ambient temperature. The mixture was concentrated en vacuo, then repeatedly concentrated after addition of toluene to yield 19.7 g of 6-O-methyl-15-methylerythromycin A 9-oxime.

F. 6-O-Methyl-15-methylerythromycin A

A solution of 6-O-methyl-15-methylerythromycin A 9-oxime (19.7 g) and sodium hydrosulfite (85%, 23.1 g) in 280 mL of 1:1 ethanol/water was placed under inert atmosphere. Formic acid (3.75 mL) was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 4.5 hours. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reaction was treated with saturated NaHCO₃ and extracted three times with 400-mL portions of ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined and washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine. The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield 15.1 g of 6-O-methyl-15-methylerythromycin A suitable for further conversion.

Example 7 Synthesis of 5-O-(2′-acetyldesosaminyl)-10,11-anhydro-3-deoxy-3-oxo-6-O-methyl-14-norerythronolide A (Anhydro form of Formula (6), R_(a)=Me, G=R_(d)Me, R_(c)=Ac, R_(b)=H)

A. 5-O-Desosaminyl-6-O-methyl-14-norerythronolide A

A mixture of 6-O-methyl-14-norerythromycin A (77 mg, crude), 0.073 ml of 12 N HCl and water (2 ml) was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. The mixture was brought to pH 8 with 8 N KOH, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (3:1/hexanes: acetone, 1% triethylamine) to give pure product as a white solid (42 mg). Mass spectrometry reveals [M+H³⁰]=576.

B. 5-O-(2′-Acetyldesosaminyl)-6-O-methyl-14-norerythronolide A: A mixture of 5-O-desosaminyl-6-O-methyl-14-norerythronolide A (73 mg), potassium carbonate (20 mg), acetic anhydride (14w1) and acetone (1 ml) was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours. Ethyl acetate was added, washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (3:1/hexanes:acetone, 1% triethylamine) to yield the pure product (71 mg) as a white solid. Mass spectrometry reveals [M+H⁺]=618.

C. 5-O-(2′-Acetyldesosaminyl -3-deoxy-3-oxo-6-O-methyl-14-norerythronolide A (Formula (6), R_(a)=Me, G=R_(d)Me, R_(b)=H, R_(c)=Ac)

A solution of 5-O-(2′-acetyldesosaminyl)-6-O-methyl-14-norerythronolide A (99 mg) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide(EDC) hydrochloride (206 mg) in dichloromethane (2 ml) was treated with DMSO (0.21 ml) and cooled to 5° C. A solution of pyridinium trifluoroacetate (208 mg) in dichloromethane (2 ml) was added via a syringe pump in 4 hours. Ethyl acetate was then added, washed with saturated NaHCO₃, water, brine, and dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (3:1/hexanes:acetone, 1% triethylamine) to yield the pure product (94 mg) as a white solid. Mass spectrometry reveals [M+H⁺]=616.

D. 5-O-(2′-Acetyldesosaminyl)-3-deoxy-3-oxo-11-O-methanesulfonyl-6-O-methyl-14-norerythronolide A

To a solution of 5-O-(2′-acetyldesosaminyl)-3-deoxy-3-oxo-6-O-methyl-14-norerythronolide A (93 mg) in dry pyridine (1 ml) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (0.057 ml) at 5° C. After 3 hours at 5° C., the reaction was warmed to ambient temperature and kept for an additional 15 hours. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with saturated NaHCO₃(2×), water (3×), brine, and dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (2:1/hexanes:acetone, 1% triethylamine) to yield the pure product (72 mg) as a white solid. Mass spectrometry reveals [M+H⁺]=695.

E. 5-O-(2′-Acetyldesosaminyl)-10,11-anhydro-3-deoxy-3-oxo-6-O-methyl-14-norerythronolide A

A solution of 5-O-(2′-acetyldesosaminyl)-3-deoxy-3-oxo-11-O-methanesulfonyl-6-O-methyl-14-norerythronolide A (73 mg) in acetone (1ml) was treated with diazabicycloundecene (32 μl) at ambient temperature for 18 hours. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with saturated NaHCO₃, water, brine, and dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (2:1/hexanes:acetone, 1% triethylamine) to yield the pure product (50 mg) as a white solid. Mass spectrometry reveals [M+H⁺]=598.

Example 8 Synthesis of 2′-O-Benzoyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-3-oxo-10,11-anhydro-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A (Anhydro form of Formula (6) G=R_(d)=allyl, R_(a)=Me, R_(b)=H, R_(c)=Benzoyl)

A. 2′-O-Benzoyl-6-O-methyl-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A

A solution of 6-O-methyl-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A (668 mg), benzoic anhydride (385 mg), and triethylamine (0.25 mL) in 3.6 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred for 2 days. After addition of saturated NaHCO₃, the mixture was extracted three times with CH₂Cl₂. The organic extracts were combined and evaporated to dryness, and the product was purified by silica chromatography (90:9:1 toluene/acetone/Et₃N) to give 477 mg of product; LC-MS shows [M+H]⁺=850.6.

B. 2′-O-Benzoyl-6-O-methyl-4′,11-bis(O-methanesulfonyl)-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A

A solution of 2′-O-benzoyl-6-O-methyl-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A (549 mg) and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.50 mL) in 2.39 mL of pyridine was stirred for 24 hours, then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and saturated NaHCO₃. The mixture was extracted three times with CH₂Cl₂. The organic extracts were combined and evaporated to dryness, and the product was purified by silica chromatography (90:9:1 toluene/acetone/Et₃N) to give 530 mg of product; LC-MS shows [M+H]⁺=1006.5.

C. 2′-O-Benzoyl-6-O-methyl-4″-O-methanesulfonyl-10,11-anhydro-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A

A mixture of 2′-O-benzoyl-6-O-methyl-4′,11-bis(O-methanesulfonyl) 14,15-dehydroerythromycin A (59 mg) and diazabicycloundecene (0.018 mL) in 0.195 mL of acetone was stirred for 24 hours, then dried in vacuo. The product was purified by silica chromatography (90:9:1 toluene/acetone/Et₃N) to give 50 mg of product; LC-MS shows [M+H]⁺=910.5.

D. 2′-O-Benzoyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-10,11-anhydro-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A

A mixture of 2′-O-benzoyl-6-O-methyl-4″-O-methanesulfonyl-10,11-anhydro-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A (337 mg), 1.5 mL of acetonitrile, and 6.9 mL of 3 N HCl was stirred for 22 hours. The acetonitrile was removed in vacuo, the pH of the aqueous residue was adjusted to 12 by addition of NaOH, and the product was extracted using 4 portions of CH₂Cl₂. The combined extracts were dried and evaporated. The product was purified by silica chromatography (gradient from 96:4 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH to 95:4:1 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/Et₃N) to give 197 mg, [M+H]⁺=674.4.

E. 2′-O-Benzoyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-3-oxo-10,11-anhydro-14,15-15 dehydroerythromycin A

A suspension of 2′-O-benzoyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-10,11-anhydro-14,15-dehydroerythromycin A (226 mg) and the Dess-Martin periodinane (427 mg) in 14.6 mL of CH₂Cl₂ (14.6 mL) was stirred for 1 hour. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and saturated NaHCO₃. The product was extracted using 3 portions of CH₂Cl₂, and the extracts were combined, dried, and evaporated. Silica gel chromatography (90:9:1 toluene/acetone/Et₃N) yielded the product, 168 mg. [M+H]⁺=672.4. ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ206.78, 203 (br), 168.19, 165.08, 141.36, 139.58, 132.74, 131.51, 130.46, 129.79, 128.25, 120.18, 102.09, 80.79, 80.40, 78.70, 72.52, 71.91, 69.19, 63.76, 51.10, 50.54, 47.08, 40.73, 39.87, 37.77, 31.23, 22.13, 20.98, 18.52, 14.28, 14,15, 13.55.

Example 9 Synthesis of 5-O-(2′-acetyldesosaminyl)-10,11-anhydro-3-deoxy-3-oxo-6-O-methyl-15-methylerythronolide A (Anhydro form of Formula (6); R_(a)=Me, G=R_(d)=propyl, R_(b)=H, R_(c)=Ac)

A. 6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-15-methylerythromycin A

A mixture of 6-O-methyl-15-methylerythromycin A (15.1 g) and 280 mL of 0.5 N HCl was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. The pH was adjusted to 9 by addition of 6 N NaOH, and the resulting precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with water, and dried. The filtrate was extracted three times with 400-mL portions of ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine, then dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to provide further product. The combined crude products were chromatographed on silica gel to yield 9.35 g of pure 6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-15-methylerythromycin A. ES-LC/MS shows [M+H]⁺=605.

B. 2′-O-Acetyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-15-methylerythromycin A

A solution of acetic anhydride (2.92 mL) in 35 mL of ethyl acetate was added dropwise to a solution of 6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-15-methylerythromycin A (9.35 g) in 40 mL of ethyl acetate. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes after completion of addition, then concentrated. Chromatography on silica gel (2:1 hexanes/acetone) gave 8.35 g of 2′-O-acetyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-15-methylerythromycin A. ES-LC/MS shows [M+H]⁼=647.

C. 2′-O-Acetyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-3-oxo-15-methylerythromycin A

A solution of 2′-O-acetyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-15-methylerythromycin A (8.3 g) and 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (16.51 g) in 64 mL of dichloromethane and 15.47 mL of methylsulfoxide was placed under inert atmosphere and cooled on ice. A solution of pyridinium trifluoroacetate (16.63 g) in 64 mL of dichloromethane was added at a rate such that addition would be complete in 4 hours, and the reaction was monitored by thin-layer chromatography. Complete reaction was observed after addition of 73% of the solution, and so the reaction was then quenched by addition of 600 mL of ethyl acetate and 200 mL of saturated NaHCO₃. The organic layer was collected and washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine, then dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield 8.4 g of crude product. Chromatography on silica gel (3:1 hexanes/acetone) gave 6.75 g of 2′-O-acetyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-3-oxo-15-methylerythromycin A. ES-LC/MS shows [M+H]⁼=645.

D. 2′-O-Acetyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-3-oxo-11-O-methanesulfonyl-15-methylerythromycin A

Methanesulfonylchloride (5.68 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of 2′-O-acetyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-3-oxo-15-methylerythromycin A (6.73 g) in 35 mL of pyridine at 0° C. The mixture was brought to ambient temperature and quenched by addition of 700 mL of ethyl acetate and 200 mL of saturated NaHCO₃. The organic layer was collected and washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine, then dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield 8.2 g of crude product. Chromatography on silica gel (5:2 hexanes/acetone) gave 5.04 g of 2′-O-acetyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-3-oxo-11-O-methyl-anesulfonyl-15-methylerythromycin A. ES-15 LC/MS shows [M+H]⁼=723.

E. 2′-O-Acetyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-3-oxo-10,11-anhydro-15-methylerythromycin A

1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (5.22 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of 2′-O-acetyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-3-oxo-11-O-methyl-anesulfonyl-15-methylerythromycin A (5.03 g) in 23 mL of acetone. The solution was concentrated after 4.5 hours, and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel (5:2 hexanes/acetone) to give 3.72 g of 2′-O-acetyl-6-O-methyl-3-descladinosyl-3-oxo-10,11-anhydro-15-methylerythromycin A. ES-LC/MS shows [M+H]⁻=627.

Example 10 Synthesis of 5-O-(2′-acetyldesosaminyl)-10,11-anhydro-3,6-dideoxy-3-oxo-15-methylerythronolide A (Formula (6), anhydro form, G=R_(d)=propyl, OR_(a) replaced by H, R_(b)=H, R_(c)=Ac)

To a solution of 6-deoxy-15-methyl erythromycin C (220 mg, 0.307 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) were given potassium carbonate (50 mg) and acetic anhydride (100 L, 0.9 mmol), and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The solution was filtered, sodium hydroxide (1N, 25 mL) and brine (25 mL) added and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate 6 times. The combined organic layers were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude product the 2′ acetylated form of the starting material was carried on to the next step.

The crude product was dissolved in pyridine (5 mL) and mesyl chloride (70 L, 0.9 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at −20° C. for 2 days, poured on sodium hydroxide (1 N, 25 mL) and brine (25 mL) and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate 6 times. The combined organic layers were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (toluene/acetone=3:1, 1% ammonium hydroxide) to yield 11,4″-dimesylated form (190 mg, 68% over two steps).

The 11, 4″-dimesylated form (190 mg, 0.21 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (7 mL) and DBU (63 L, 0.42 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred at room temperature over night. The mixture was poured on sodium hydroxide (1 N, 25 mL) and brine (25 mL) and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate 6 times. The combined organic layers were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude product, the 10,11-dehydro form of 6-deoxy-15-methyl erythromycin was carried on to the next step.

To the crude product from the above step was added hydrochloric acid (30 mL, 3 N) and ethanol (2 mL) and the mixture was stirred vigorously for 6 hours. Sodium hydroxide (5 mL, 10 N) was added and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate 6 times. The combined organic layers were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude product, the anhydro form of formula (1) (but with OH at position 3) where G=R_(d)=propyl, OR_(a) is replaced by H, R_(b)=R_(c)=H, was carried on to the next step.

To the crude product from the above step in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added acetic anhydride (50 L, 0.45 mmol) and potassium carbonate (100 mg) and the mixture was stirred vigorously for 9 hours. The reaction was filtered, sodium hydroxide (20 mL, 1 N) and brine (25 mL) were added and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate 6 times. The combined organic layers were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (toluene/acetone=3:1, 1% ammonium hydroxide) to yield the 2′ acetylated form of the starting material (110 mg, 89% over three steps).

The product of the above step (110 mg, 0.184 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (10 mL) and Dess-Martin reagent (220 mg, 0.53 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 45 min. The reaction was quenched with Sodium hydroxide (20 mL, 1 N) and brine (25 mL) and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate 6 times. The combined organic layers were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (toluene/acetone, gradient=6:1-3:1, 1% ammonium hydroxide) to yield the compound of formula (6), anhydro form, where G=R_(d)=propyl, OR_(a) is replaced by H, R_(b)=H, R_(c)=Ac (94 mg, 86%).

Example 11 Compound of Formula (4): R_(a)=allyl, G=R_(d)=Me

Step 1. Allylation of Intermediate Antibiotic at 6-OH: A solution of 2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-14-norerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime, Formula (I), (R_(a) is OH, G=R_(d) is methyl, protected at 2′ and 4″ with trimethylsilyl and at C9═O by the isoproxycyclohexyl oxime)) (7.8 g, 7.44 mmol) in 30 mL of tetrahydrofuran was cooled on ice and treated with 30 mL of methylsulfoxide and 2.58 mL of freshly distilled allyl bromide under inert atmosphere. A mixture of methylsulfoxide (29.8 mL) and 1.0 M potassium tert-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran (29.8 mL) was added at a rate of 1.33 molar equivalents of base per hour. The reaction was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (silica gel, 10:1 toluene/acetone), and was judged complete after addition of 3.6 molar equivalents of base. The reaction was diluted with 700 mL of ethyl acetate and washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine. The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield 8.08 g of crude 6-O-allyl-2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-15-methylerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime. This was carried on without further purification.

Step 2: A solution of 6-O-allyl-2′,4″-bis-O-trimethylsilyl-15-methylerythromycin A 9-[O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)]oxime (8.08 g) in 42 mL of acetonitrile was treated with 21 mL of water and 24 mL of acetic acid, and stirred for 18 hours at ambient temperature. The mixture was concentrated after addition of 2-propanol, then repeatedly after addition of toluene to yield 7.7 g of crude product. Chromatography on silica gel (gradient from 2:1 to 1:1 hexanes/acetone+1% Et₃N) gave 3.75 g of 6-O-allyl-15-methylerythromycin A 9-oxime.

Step 3: A solution of 6-O-allyl-15-methylerythromycin A 9-oxime (3.75 g) and sodium hydrosulfite (85%, 5.37 g) in 66 mL of 1:1 ethanol/water was placed under inert atmosphere. Formic acid (0.845 mL) was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 3.5 hours. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reaction was adjusted to pH 10 with 6 N NaOH and extracted three times with 150-mL portions of ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined and washed sequentially with saturated NaHCO₃, water, and brine. The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield 3.42 g of 6-O-allyl-15-methylerythromycin A suitable for further conversion.

Other embodiments: In a similar manner, compounds of formula (4) wherein Y and Z are, together, ═O, R_(a) is allyl, is prepared from an intermediate where G is butyl, benzyl, vinyl, or 3-hydroxybutyl.

Example 12 Conversion to Formula (4) to Formula (6)

Step 1. A mixture of the compound prepared in Example 11 (77 mg, crude), 0.073 ml of 12 N HCl and water (2 ml) was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. The mixture was brought to pH 8 with 8 N KOH, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (3:1/hexanes:acetone, 1% triethylamine) to give pure product as a white solid (42 mg).

Step 2. To protect the 2′ OH, a mixture the above compound (73 mg), potassium carbonate (20 mg), acetic anhydride (14 μl) and acetone (1 ml) was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours. Ethyl acetate was added, washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (3:1/hexanes:acetone, 1% triethylamine) to yield the pure product (71 mg) as a white solid.

Step 3. A solution of the compound resulting from step 2 (99 mg) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) hydrochloride (206 mg) in dichloromethane (2 ml) was treated with DMSO (0.21 ml) and cooled to 5° C. A solution of pyridinium trifluoroacetate (208 mg) in dichloromethane (2 ml) was added via a syringe pump in 4 hours. Ethyl acetate was then added, washed with saturated NaHCO₃, water, brine, and dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (3:1/hexanes:acetone, 1% triethylamine) to yield the pure compound of formula (6) (94 mg, R_(a) is allyl, R_(a) is acetate and G=R_(d) is CH₃).

Step 4. To deprotect 2′ OH, a solution of the compound resulting from step 3 (94 mg) in 5 mL methanol was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give the desired compound of formula (6) (R_(a) is allyl, R_(c) is H, and G=R_(d) is CH₃).

Other embodiments: In a similar manner, compounds of formula (4) wherein R_(a) is allyl, R_(a) is H, and G is propyl, butyl, benzyl, vinyl, or 3-hydroxybutyl is prepared.

Example 13 Preparation of Compounds of Formula (5)

Step 1. Protection of 2′-OH

A solution of the compound from Example 12, Step 1 (1 mmol), is dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and treated with benzoic anhydride (1.6 mmol) and triethylamine (1.6 mmol) for 26 hours at ambient temperature. Aqueous 5% sodium carbonate is added and the mixture is stirred for 20 minutes, then extracted with dichloromethane. The extract is washed sequentially with sat. aq. NaHCO3 and brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered, and evaporated. The product is isolated by silica gel chromatography.

Step 2. Formation of 2,3-alkene and 11,12-carbamate

A solution of the compound from Step 1 (1 mmol) and 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole (5 mmol) in 20 mL of 2:1 tetrahydrofuran/dimethylformamide is cooled to −40°C., and a 1 M solution of sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide in tetrahydrofaran (4.5 mL) is added slowly over 30 minutes. Stirring is continued for an additional 2.5 hours at −40° C., then the mixture is warmed to ambient temperature and kept overnight. A 0.5 M solution of NaH2PO4 (15 mL) is added, and the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract is dried over MgSO4, filtered, and evaporated. The crude material is dissolved in 15 mL of 10:1 acetonitrile/tetrahydrofuran and treated with 2.5 mL of concentrated aqueous NH₃. After stirring overnight, the mixture is concentrated to dryness and the residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered, and evaporated. Silica gel chromatography yields the compound of Formula (5) where R_(c)=PhCO.

Step 3. Removal of 2′-protection

The compound of Formula (5), R_(c) =PhCO, is dissolved in methanol and heated at reflux for 5 hours to give the compound of Formula (5), where R_(c)=H.

Example 14 Preparation of Compounds of Formula (5) for Making Compounds (101)-(103) of the Invention

Any of the compounds prepared above can be protected at the 2′ position, treated with acid and dehydrated, then deprotected to obtain the compound of formula (5), as shown in FIG. 2, wherein R_(c) is H, R_(a) is allyl, and G is R_(x)—CH═C(R_(d)′)—. Similarly, compounds of formula (6) wherein G is R_(x)—CH═C(R_(d)′)— and R_(d)′ is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, benzyl, or 3-hydroxybutyl, are prepared as described above using as starting material the compounds of formula (I) wherein R_(d)′ is as set forth above to make intermediates of compounds (101)-(103) of the invention.

Example 15 Conversion of ═O at Position 9 to ═NOH

According to the procedure of Example 6A, the carbonyl at position 9 of erythromycins are converted to the corresponding oximes.

To a solution of any of the compounds prepared above (0.2 mmol) in ethanol is added hydroxylamine hydrochloride (76 mg, 1.1 mmol) and triethylamine (56 μL, 0.4 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred overnight at 80° C. and concentrated, and the residue taken up in ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with aqueous 5% sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography on silica gel (95:5:0.5 dichloromethane-methanol-ammonia) gives the corresponding E and Z oximes.

Example 16 Preparation of Compound of Formula (1): R_(a)═—CH₂CH═CH₂, R_(c) is H

A. Step 1. Protection at 2′-OH to form intermediate compound of compound (6) having hydroxyl group at C-3, R_(a) is allyl and R_(c) is benzoyl

To a solution of the product of Example 12 or other embodiment thereof wherein G is propyl, butyl, benzyl, vinyl or 3-hydroxybutyl (2.49 g, 4.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) is added benzoic anhydride (98%, 1.46 g, 6.48 mmol) and triethylamine (0.90 mL, 6.48 mmol) and the white suspension is stirred for 26 hours at ambient temperature. Aqueous 5% sodium carbonate is added and the mixture is stirred for 20 minutes. The mixture is extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase is washed with aqueous 5% sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give a white foam. Chromatography on silica gel (30% acetone-hexanes) gives the protected compound.

Step 2. Oxidation to form compound (6), R_(a) is allyl, R_(c) is benzoyl

To a −10° C. solution under N₂ of N-chlorosuccinimide (0.68 g, 5.07 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) is added dimethylsulfide (0.43 mL, 5.92 mmol) over 5 minutes. The resulting white slurry is stirred for 20 minutes at −10° C. and then a solution of the compound resulting from step 1 (2.43 g, 3.38 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at −10 to −5° C. Triethylamine (0.47 mL, 3.38 mmol) is added dropwise over 5 minutes and the reaction mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at 0° C. The reaction mixture is extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase is washed twice with aqueous 5% sodium bicarbonate and once with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo to give a white foam. Chromatography on silica gel (30% acetone-hexanes) gives the oxidized compound.

Step 3: Form cyclic carbonate compound of formula (17) from FIG. 6: R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH₂, R_(c) is benzoyl.

To a −35° C. solution under nitrogen in THF (60 mL) of the compound prepared in step 2 (3.58 g, 5.00 mmol) is added sodium hexamethyldisilazide (1.0 M in THF, 5.5 mL, 5.5 mmol) and the resulting white suspension is stirred for 30 minutes. A solution of carbonyldiimidazole (4.05 g, 25 mmol) in THF (40 mL) is added dropwise over 20 minutes at −35° C. and then the cold bath is removed and the reaction mixture is stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is taken up in ethyl acetate and washed with aqueous 5% sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography on silica gel (30% acetone-hexane) gives the dehydrated compound (2.6 g) as a white foam.

Step 4: Preparation to form 10,11 anhydro form of intermediate compound (6): R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH₂, R_(c) is benzoyl

To a solution of the compound in step 3, (2.59 g, 3.48 mmol) in benzene (100 mL) is added 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU, 5.0 mL, 34 mmol). The reaction mixture is flushed with nitrogen, warmed to 80° C., and stirred for 3.5 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to 0° C. and aqueous 0.5 M NaH₂PO₄ (100 mL) is added. The mixture is extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give a white foam. Chromatography on silica gel (30% acetone-hexanes) gives the compound.

Step 5: Derivation of Position 12 hydroxyl compound (7) from FIG. 5: R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH₂, R_(c) is benzoyl

A solution in THF (30 mL) of the compound prepared in step 4 (1.74 g, 2.49 mmol) is cooled to −10° C. and flushed with nitrogen. Sodium hydride (80% in mineral oil, 150 mg, 5.00 mmol) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred for 10 minutes. A solution of carbonyldiimidazole (1.22 g, 7.50 mmol) in THF (20 mL) is added over 10 minutes at −10° C. The cold bath is removed and the reaction mixture is stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic phase is washed with aqueous 5% sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo to give a white foam. Chromatography on silica gel (30% acetone-hexanes) gives the compound.

Step 6: Form cyclic carbamate compound (10) from FIG. 5: A, B, D and E are H, R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH₂, R_(c) is benzoyl

To a solution under nitrogen of a compound of formula (7) (R_(a) is allyl, R_(c) is benzoyl, 385 mg, 0.485 mmol), prepared as in step 5, in acetonitrile is added ethylenediamine (291 mg. 4.85 mmol) and the reaction mixture is stirred for 67 hours. The reaction mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic phase is washed with aqueous 5% sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound as colorless oil which is used without further purification.

Step 7: Cyclization and Deprotection to Form Compound of Formula (1): R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH₂, R_(c) is H

The crude oil prepared in step 6 is dissolved in methanol (5 mL), acetic acid (60 μL) is added, and the reaction mixture is stirred for 15 hours at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic phase is washed with aqueous 5% sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo to give a slightly yellow glass. Chromatography on silica gel (95:5:0.5 dichloromethane-methanol-ammonia) gives the title compound as a white foam.

B. Alternate Steps 1′-3′ for Steps 1-5 in Example 16A to Form Compounds with Two Cladinose Moieties

Step 1′: Preparation of Intermediate Compound (4) from FIG. 4: R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH₂, R_(c) and R_(e) are acetyl

To a sample of the compound from Example 11, step 3 or an embodiment thereof wherein G is propyl, butyl, benzyl, vinyl or 3-hydroxybutyl (405.2 g, 528 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) is added dimethylaminopyridine (0.488 g, 4 mmol) and acetic anhydride (3.39 mL, 36 mmol), and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The mixture is diluted with methylene chloride, then washed with 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The residue is dried and recrystallized from acetonitrile to give the compound.

Step 2′: Dehydration at C-10,11 and derivation of C-12 to form intermediate Compound (9) from FIG. 4: R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH₂, R_(c) and R_(e) are acetyl

To a sample of the compound from step 1′ (85.8 g, 100 mmol) in dry THF (500 mL) cooled to −40° C. and flushed with nitrogen is added sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (125 mL, 125 mmol) over 20 minutes, and the mixture is stirred at −40° C. for 40 minutes. To this mixture is added a solution of carbonyldiimidazole (3.65 g, 22.56 mmol) in 5:3 THF/DMF (800 mL) under nitrogen at −40° C. over 30 minutes, and the mixture is stirred at −20° C. for 30 minutes. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 27 hours, then diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture is washed with 5% sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to give the compound (9), which is taken directly to the next step.

Using the procedures described in this example and schemes and methods known in the synthetic organic chemistry art, the compounds of Formula (1) wherein A, B, D and E are H can be prepared. In addition, using the preceding examples and the above-mentioned schemes and known methods, the compounds having the R_(a) substituent can be prepared as listed:

—CH₂CH═CH₂ —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NH2, —CH₂CH═NOH. —CH₂CH₂CH₂OH —CH₂F —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂-phenyl —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂-(4-pyridyl) —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂-(4-quinolyl) —CH₂CH(OH)CN —CH(C(O)OCH₃)CH₂.-phenyl —CH₂CN —CH₂CH₂CH₂-phenyl —CH₂CH═CH-(4-fluorophenyl) —CH₂CH₂NHCH(CH₂-phenyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(4-ethoxyphenyl) C(O)OH₃ —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂-(2- —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂- chlorophenyl) (2-chlorophenyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-chlorophenyl) —CH₂-(4-pyridyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-methoxyphenyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-pyridyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinoly)) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-quinolyl) —CH₂-phenyl —CH₂CH═CH-(5-quinolyl) —CH₂-(4-quinolyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-benzoxazolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(4-pyridyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(8-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(4-quinolyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(1,3-dimethyl-2, 4-dioxo-5-pyrimidinyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(5-quinolyl) —CH₂-CH═CH-(5- (3-isoxazolyl)-2-thiophenyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-benzimidazolyl) —CH₂-CH═CH═(5-(2- pyridyl)aminocarbonyl-2-furanyl)

Example 17 Preparation of Compound of Formula (1): A, B and E are H, D is benzyl, R_(a) is allyl

Step 1: Preparation of 2-(R)-(BOC-amino)-3-pheny-1-propanol

To a 5.2 g (23.8 mmol) sample of di-t-butyl dicarbonate in 20 mL of methylene chloride held at 0° C. is added (R)-2-amino-3-phenyl-1-propanol (3.0 g, 19.8 mmol Aldrich), and the reaction mixture is stirred 1.5 hours at room temperature. The solvent was removed, and the residue is dried under high vacuum and taken directly to the next step.

Step 2: Preparation of 2-(R)-(BOC-amino)-1-O-methyl-anesulfonyloxy-3-phenylpropane

The material from step 1 is dissolved in 20 mL of methylene chloride and 5 mL of THF, and the solution is cooled to 0° C. Triethylamine (4.1 mL, 29.4 mmol) is added, then methanesulfonyl chloride (1.9 mL, 24.5 mmol) is added slowly. The mixture is stirred 45 minutes at room temperature, the the solvent is removed under vacuum. The residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate, and the solution is washed with water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and filtered. The solvent is removed under vacuum to afford the title compound.

Step 3: Preparation of 1-azido-2-(R)-(BOC-amino)-3-phenylpropane

The compound from step 2 above (6.36 g, 193 mmol) is dissolved in 25 mL of DMF, and 2.5 g (38 mmol) of NaN₃ is added. The reaction mixture is stirred for 24 hours at 62° C. The solution is cooled at room temperature, then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extract is washed with water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and filtered. The solvent is removed under vacuum to afford the title compound.

Step 4: Preparation of 1-azido-2-(R)-amino-3-phenylpropane

The compound from step 3 (4.3 g, 15.6 mmol) is dissolved in 30 mL of 4 N HCl in ethanol, and the reaction mixture is stirred for 1.5 hours at room temperature. The solvent is stripped and chased with ether. The residue is dissolved in water, NaCl is added, and the mixture is extracted with ethyl ether, which is discarded. The aqueous layer is adjusted to pH 12 with K₂CO₃, saturated with NaCl, then extracted with CHCl₃. The organic extract is washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and filtered. The solvent is removed under vacuum to afford the title compound.

Step 5: Preparation of 1,2-(R)-diamino-3-phenylpropane

A sample of the compound from step 4 (1.2 g, 6.8 mmol) is hydrogenated (4 atm) in ethanol over 1.2 g of 10% Pd/C for 21.5 hours at room temperature. The mixture is filtered to remove the catalyst, and the solvent is removed to afford the title compound.

Step 6: Form cyclic carbamate, compound (10) from FIG. 4: A, B and E are H, D is benzyl, R_(a) is allyl, R_(c) is benzoyl

The desired compound is prepared by stirring a solution of compound prepared as in Example 16, step 5, (which is the compound (7) from FIG. 5, wherein R_(a) is allyl, R_(c) is benzoyl), and 1,2-(R)-diamino-3-phenylpropane, prepared as in step 5 above, in aqueous acetonitrile for an amount of time sufficient to consume substantially all of the starting material.

Step 7: Deprotection to Form Compound (10) from FIG. 4; A, B and E are H, D is benzyl, R_(a) is allyl, R_(c) is H

The title compound is prepared by deprotection of the compound prepared in step 6 by heating in methanol according to the following procedure: a solution of the compound resulting from step 6 in methanol (20 mL) is stirred at reflux for 6 hours. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel (95:5:0.5 dichloromethane-methanol-ammonia) to give the desired compound.

Step 8: Cyclization to Form Compound of Formula (1): A, B and E are H, D is benzyl, R_(a) is allyl

The desired compound is prepared by heating a solution of the compound prepared in step 7 in ethanol-acetic acid.

Example 18 Preparation of Compound of Formula (1): A is benzyl, B, D and E are H, R_(a) is allyl

Step 1: Form Cyclic Carbamate of Compound (10′) from FIG. 5; A benzyl, B, D and E are H, Y is OH, R_(a) is allyl, R_(c) is benzoyl

The desired compound is prepared according to the method of Example 17, step 7 except substituting (S)-2-amino-3-phenyl-1-propanol (Aldrich Chemical Co.) for 1,2-(R)-diamino-3-phenylpropane.

Step 2: Y Substitution to Form Compound (10′) from FIG. 5; A is benzyl, B, D and E are H, Y is N₃, R_(a) is allyl, R_(c) is benzoyl

The desired compound is prepared by treating a solution in THF of the compound of step 1 with triphenylphosphine, diethylazodicarboxylate, and diphenylphosphorylazide.

Step 3: Deprotection to Form Compound (10′) from FIG. 5; A is benzyl, B, D and E are H, Y is N₃, R_(a) is allyl, R_(c) is H

The desired compound is prepared by deprotection of the compound prepared in step 2 by heating in methanol according to the procedure of Example 17, step 7.

Step 4: Reduction to Form Compound (1) from FIG. 5, R_(a) is allyl

The desired compound is prepared by refluxing a solution in THF of the product of step 3 and triphenylphosphine.

Step 5: Form Compound of Formula (1) from FIG. 5: A is benzyl, B, D and E are H, R_(a) is allyl.

The desired compound is prepared by heating a solution of the compound prepared in step 4 in ethanol-acetic acid.

Example 19 Compound of Formula (1): A and E are phenyl, B and D and are H, R_(a) is allyl

The desired compound is prepared according to the method of Example 17, steps 6-8, except substituting 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethylenediamine (Aldrich Chemical Co.) for 1,2-(R)-diamino-3-phenylpropane.

Example 20 Preparation of Compound of Formula (1): A is methyl, B, D and E are H, R_(a) is allyl

The desired compound is prepared according to the method of Example 18, except substituting (S)-2-amino-1-propanol (Aldrich Chemical Co.) for (S)-2-amino-3-phenyl-1-propanol.

Example 21 Preparation of Compound of Formula (1): A and D are methyl, B and E are H, R_(a) is allyl

Step 1: Preparation of meso-2,3-bis(methanesulfonyloxy)butane

Samples of meso-2,3-butanediol (10 g, 111 mmol, Aldrich) and triethylamine (92.8 mL, 666 mmol) are dissolved in methylene chloride. The solution is cooled to −78° C., and methanesulfonyl chloride (25.8 mL, 333 mmol) is added dropwise. A precipitate forms. The mixture is diluted with additional methylene chloride, and the mixture is stirred for 20 minutes at −78° C. and at 0° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is warmed to room temperature, diluted with additional solvent, and washed with H₂O, aqueous NaHCO₃ and aqueous NaCl. The organic solution is dried over MgSO₄, and the solvent is removed to afford the title compound.

Step 2: Preparation of meso-2,3-diazidobutane

A sample of the compound from step 1 (25 g) is dissolved in 250 mL of DMF, and NaN₃ (40 g) is added. The mixture is stirred vigorously at 85° C. for 24 hours, then cooled to room temperature. The mixture is diluted with 800 mL of ether, washed with H₂O, aqueous NaHCO₃ and aqueous NaCl, then dried over MgSO₄. The solution is filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound.

Step 3: Preparation of meso-2-3-butanediamine

A sample of the compound from step 2 (13.0 g, 125 mmol) is dissolved in ethanol and hydrogenated at 4 atm over 10% Pd/C for 20 hours at room temperature. The catalyst is removed by filtration, and the solvent is removed under vacuum to afford the title compound.

Step 4: Preparation of Compound of Formula (1); A and D are methyl B and E are H, R_(a) is allyl

The desired compound is prepared according to the method of Example 17, steps 6-8, except substituting meso-2-3-butanediamine, prepared as in step 3, for the 1,2-(R)-diamino-3-phenylpropane thereof.

Example 22 Preparation of Compound of Formula (1): A and E taken together is —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, B and D are H, R_(a) is allyl

The desired compound is prepared according to the method of Example 21, except substituting 1,2-cyclopentane diol (Aldrich Chemical Co.) for meso 2,3-butanediol

Example 23 Compound of Formula (1): A, B, D, and E are H, R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl)

Step 1: Conversion of R_(a) to form compound (6), R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl), R_(c) is benzoyl

A mixture of the compound (6) (R_(a) is allyl) (1.80 g, 0.25 mmol), palladium(II)acetate (11 mg, 0.05 mmol), and tri-o-tolylphosphine (30 mg, 0.10 mmol) and 3-bromoquinoline (68 μL, 0.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (2 mL) is cooled to −78° C., degassed, and sealed. The reaction mixture is then warmed to 50° C. for 2 hours and stirred at 80° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture is taken up in ethyl acetate and washed with aqueous 5% sodium carbonate, aqueous 2% tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography on silica gel (98:2 dichloromethane-methanol) gives the title compound as an off-white foam.

Step 2: Deprotection to Form Compound of Formula (6); R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH—(3-quinolyl), R_(c) is H

Deprotection of the compound prepared in step 1 is accomplished by heating in methanol according to the procedure of Example 16, step 7.

Step 3: Conversion of R_(a)

The desired compound was prepared by coupling 3-bromoquinoline with the product of Example 16, step 7.

Optional Step 4: Reduction to Form Compound of Formula (1): A, B, D, and E are H, R_(a) is —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(3-quinolyl)

To a sample of the compound from Example 23, step 3 (110 mg) in methanol (10 mL) flushed with nitrogen is added 10% Pd/C (50 mg), and the mixture is stirred at room temperature under 1 atm of hydrogen for 16 hours. The mixture is filtered and concentrated, and the residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 95:5:0.5 to 90:10:0.5 dichloromethane/methanol/dimethylamine to give the title compound.

Using the procedures described in the preceding examples and schemes and methods known in the synthetic organic chemistry art, the compounds of Formulas (1)-(3) and (1′)-(3′) can be prepared wherein at least one of A, B, D and E, and wherein two of which may be joined to form a ring are described below.

ethyl pentenyl propyl hexenyl butyl pyridyl pentyl pyrimidinyl hexyl pyridazinyl ethenyl indolyl propenyl quinolyl butenyl naplithyl pentenyl quinoxalinyl hexynyl thienyl ethynyl furyl propynyl chromenyl butynyl

Example 24 Preparation of Compound of Formula (103) in FIG. 8: L is CO, T is NR, R_(a)=H, R_(c) is H

Step 1. Preparation of 6-hydroxy Analog of Compound (109)

A solution of 14,15-dehydroerythromycin A in methanol is cooled to −40° C. A stream of ozone is bubbled into the solution, and the reaction is vented through a trap containing an aqueous solution of potassium iodide. Ozone introduction is stopped when the brown color of I₂ is noted in the trap solution, and the solution is purged with a stream of nitrogen gas for 5 minutes. Dimethylsulfide is added, and the mixture is allowed to warm slowly to ambient temperature to provide a methanolic solution of the 14-aldehyde. The concentration of the aldehyde can be determined by integration of the NMR signal for the aldehyde proton relative to that for the solvent methanol after dilution into CDCl₃.

The methanolic solution of the 14-aldehyde is cooled to 0 ° C., then treated successively with 2 molar equivalents of acetic acid, 1.5 equivalent of R-NH₂, and 5 equivalents of NaBH₃CN. The reaction is monitored by thin-layer chromatography. When complete, the methanol is removed under vacuum, and the crude residue is redissolved in dichloromethane. This is cooled to 0 ° C., and 1 equivalent of phenyl chloroformate is added. Triethylamine (3 equivalents) is added dropwise. After completion of carbamate formation, the mixture is poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with dichloromethane. The extract is dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. Chromatography yields the 6-hydroxy analog of compound (109).

Step 2. Formation of Cyclic Carbamate Compound (112)

A solution of the compound in Step 1 in tetrahydrofuran is added dropwise to a suspension of NaH (1.5 molar equivalents) in tetrahydrofuran at 0 ° C. The reaction is monitored by thin-layer chromatography. When complete, saturated aqueous NH₄Cl is added, the tetrahydrofuran is removed under vacuum, and the mixture is extracted with dichloromethane. The organic extracts are washed with 1 N NaOH to remove phenol, then with brine and dried over MgSO₄ prior to concentration. The 6-hydroxy analog of compound (112)/(103) is isolated by chromatography.

Using the procedures described in the preceding examples and schemes and methods known in the synthetic organic chemistry art, the compounds of Formula (101) wherein L is CO and T is NH can be prepared. These compounds having the R_(a) substituent are described below:

—CH₂CH═CH-phenyl —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl) —CH₂CH═CH₂ —CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NH2, —CH₂CH═NOH. —CH₂CH₂CH₂OH —CH₂F —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂-phenyl —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂-(4-pyridyl) —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂-(4-quinolyl) —CH₂CH(OH)CN —CH(C(O)OCH₃)CH₂.-phenyl —CH₂CN —CH₂CH═CH-(4-chlorophenyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-fluorophenyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-methoxyphenyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(4-ethoxyphenyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinoly)) —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂-(2- chlorophenyl) —CH₂-phenyl —CH₂-(4-pyridyl) —CH₂-(4-quinolyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-pyridyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(4-pyridyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(4-quinolyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(5-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(5-quinolyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-benzoxazolyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-benzimidazolyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(8-quinolyl) —CH₂—CH═CH-(5-(3-isoxazolyl)- —CH₂—CH═CH-(1,3-dimethyl- 2-thiophenyl) 2,4-dioxo-5-pyrimidinyl) —CH₂-CH═CH═(5-(2- pyridyl)aminocarbonyl-2-furanyl)

Other Embodiments: Using the above procedures, compounds of formulas (101)-(103) can be formed wherein L is CO, T is: —N(CH₃); —NCH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂; —N(CH₂CH═CH₂); —N(CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl)); or —N(NH₂);

Example 25 Compound of Formula (103) in FIG. 8: L is CO, T is O, R_(a) is H, R_(c) is H

Step 1: Preparation of 6-hydroxy Analog of (109′)

A solution of 14,15-dehydroerythromycin A in methanol is cooled to −40° C. A stream of ozone is bubbled into the solution, and the reaction is vented through a trap containing an aqueous solution of potassium iodide. Ozone introduction is stopped when the brown color of I₂ is noted in the trap solution, and the solution is purged with a stream of nitrogen gas for 5 minutes. The solution is warmed to 0 ° C., and a solution of sodium borohydride in isopropanol is added slowly. The reaction is monitored by thin-layer chromatography. When complete, the methanol is removed under vacuum. The residue is redissolved in dichloromethane, washed with aqueous ethylene glycol followed by brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The compound is isolated by chromatography.

Step 2: Formation of the cyclic carbonate compound (112′)

A solution of the compound of Step 1 in dichloromethane is treated with phenyl chloroformate (2 molar equivalents) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (2 molar equivalents). After formation of the intermediate phenyl carbonate, the mixture is washed with water and brine, then dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The crude phenyl carbonate is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, and this solution is added dropwise to a suspension of NaH (1.5 equivalents) in tetrahydrofuran at 0° C. Upon completion of the cyclization, the reaction is quenched by addition of saturated aqueous NH₄Cl, the tetrahydrofuran is removed under vacuum, and the mixture is extracted with dichloromethane. The mixture is evaporated, redissolved in methanol and allowed to stand for 24 hours, then evaporated and redissolved in dichloromethane. The solution is washed with 1 N NaOH to remove phenol, then washed with brine and dried over MgSO₄ prior to concentration. The 6-hydroxy analog of compound (112′)/(103) is isolated by chromatography.

Using the procedures described in the preceding examples and schemes and methods known in the synthetic organic chemistry art, the compounds of Formula (101) wherein L is CO and T is O can be prepared. These compounds include one of the R_(a) substituents listed below:

—CH₂CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂NH₂ —CH₂CH═NOH —CH₂CH₂CH₂OH —CH₂F —CH₂CH₂-phenyl —CH₂CH₂-(4-pyridyl) —CH₂CH₂-(4-quinolyl) —CH₂CH(OH)CN —CH(C(O)OCH₃)CH₂-phenyl —CH₂CN —CH₂CH═CH-(4-methoxyphenyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-fluorophenyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(8-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂-phenyl —CH₂-phenyl —CH₂-(4-pyridyl) —CH₂-(4-quinolyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-pyridyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(4-pyridyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(4-quinolyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(5-quinolyl) —CH₂CH₂CH₂-(5-quinolyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-benzoxazolyl) —CH₂CH═CH-(4-benzimidazolyl)

Example 26 Preparation of Compounds (103) and (101) in FIG. 11 a and 11 b

Step 1: Protection of 9 Keto Group to Form Oxime

To a solution of the compound (I_(a)), which is the 6-hydroxy analog of compound (103), prepared in either Example 24 or 25 in propanol is added aqueous hydroxylamine and acetic acid, and stirred under appropriate conditions. The reaction is stopped and the solvent is removed to yield compound (I_(b)).

Step 2: Prepare Derivitized Oxime

To a solution of the compound prepared in Step 1 and dichloromethane, is added 1,1 diisopropoxycyclohexane under appropriate conditions with pyrH⁺OTs⁻. The reaction mixture is stirred under appropriate conditions, is stopped, washed and dried. The solvent is removed and the excess 1,1-diisopropoxycyclohexane is removed to yield compound (I_(c)).

Step 3: Protection of 2′ and 4″ Hydroxyl Groups

To a solution of the compound prepared in Step 2 in dichloromethane is added 1-trimethylsilylimidazole and chlorotrimethylsilane in dichloromethane. The mixture is stirred under appropriate conditions. The reaction is stopped, filtered and washed. The solvent is removed and the compound (I_(d)) purified.

Step 4: Alkylation of 6-OH to form protected form of compound (103)

A solution of the compound prepared in Step 3 in dimethylsulfoxide/tetrahydrofuran (DMSO/THF) is treated with a solution of allyl bromide under appropriate conditions. A mixture of potassium t-butoxide in THF and DMSO is added gradually. The reaction is diluted, washed and dried. Filtration yields a crude product of compound (103).

Step 5: Deprotection of 9 oximes 2′ and 4″ Hydroxyl Groups

The compound prepared in Step 4, acetic acid, and acetonitrile in water is stirred under appropriate conditions. The mixture is dried and directly used in the next step.

Step 6: Deoximation to Form Compound (103) having 9 Keto Group.

A mixture of the compound prepared in Step 5, water, and sodium hydrosulfite is kept under appropriate conditions. The alkalinity of the mixture is increased and the reaction extracted. The extract is washed, dried, filtered and concentrated to yield a crude product of compound (103).

Step 7: Removal of Cladinose

To a suspension of the compound prepared in Step 6 in ethanol, is added HCl gradually under appropriate conditions and additional HCl is added. The mixture is stirred for 18 hours, cooled and the alkanity is increased. Filtration yields the compound (I_(e)).

Step 8: Protection of 2′ Hydroxyl Group

To a solution of the compound prepared in Step 7 in dichloromethane is added Bz₂O. The mixture is stirred under appropriate conditions to yield the compound (I_(f)).

Step 9: Conversion of 3-OH to 3-carbonyl

To a solution under nitrogen of N-chloro succinimide in dichloromethane is gradually added dimethylsulfide. The resulting slurry is stirred and a solution of the compound prepared in step 8 in dichloromethane is added and mixed. Triethylamine is added dropwise and the reaction mixture stirred under appropriate conditions. The reaction mixture is worked up to give compound (101) of the invention.

Step 10: —OR_(a) Conversions

To a solution under nitrogen of the 2′ protected compound prepared in Step 9, palladium (II) acetate, and P(o-tolyl)₃ is added halogen-quinolyl and triethylamine and the mixture is stirred under appropriate conditions. The reaction mixture is worked up to give compound (101) having the R_(a) position converted from allyl to quinolyl.

Step 11: Deprotection of the 2′ Hydroxyl Group

To a solution of the compound prepared in Step 10 is added methanol and the mixture is stirred under appropriate conditions. The solvent is removed in vacuo to give compound (101).

Example 27 Conversion at —OR_(a)

A. Allyl→—CH₂CHO

The compound from Example 10 (14.0 g) is dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) and the solution is cooled to −78° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. Ozone is then bubbled through the solution until a blue color persisted. The reaction is then purged with N₂ until colorless and dimethylsulfide (14 mL) is added, and the reaction mixture is warmed to 0° C. After stirring for 90 min, the reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure to give a light-yellow foam. This material is dissolved in THF (300 mL) and treated with triphenylphosphine (8 g) at reflux for 6 hours, then the reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure. Chromatography (1:1 acetone/hexanes to 3:1 acetone/hexanes with 0.5% TEA) gave the product.

B. —CH₂CHO→—CH₂CH₂NHCH₂Phenyl

The compound from Example 11A (120 mg, 0.187 mmol) and benzylamine (40 μL, 0.366 mmol, 2 equiv) are dissolved in 3 mL of dry dichloromethane. Molecular sieves (4 Å) are added and the reaction is stirred overnight. The reaction is then filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting imine is dissolved in MeOH (5 mL), a catalytic amount of 10% Pd on carbon is added, and the reaction is stirred rapidly under 1 atm of H₂ pressure for 20 hours. The mixture is then filtered through a Celite pad, and the solution concentrated under reduced pressure. Chromatography (SiO₂, 5% MeOH/dichloromethane with 0.2% NH₄OH) gives the desired material (84 mg) as a white solid.

C. —CH₂CHO→—CH₂CH₂NHCH₂Phenyl

This compound is prepared from the compound of Example 11A (108 mg, 0.169 mmol) and phenethylamine (42 μL, 0.334 mmol, 2 equiv) using the procedure described for Example 11B. Chromatography (SiO₂, 5% MeOH/dichloromethane with 0.5% NH₄OH) gives the desired material.

D. —CH₂CHO→—CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂Phenyl

This compound is prepared from the compound of Example 11A (100 mg, 0.156 mmol) and 3-phenyl-1-propylamine (40 μL, 0.282 mmol, 1.8 equiv) using the procedure described for Example 11B. Chromatography (SiO₂, 5% MeOH/dichloromethane with 0.5% NH₄OH) gives the desired material.

E. —CH₂CHO→—CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Phenyl

This compound is prepared from the compound of Example 11A (170 mg, 0.266 mmol) and 4-phenyl-1-butylamine (68 μL, 0.431 mmol, 1.6 equiv) using the procedure described for Example 11B. Chromatography (SiO₂, 5% MeOH/dichloromethane with 0.2% NH₄OH) gives the desired material.

F. —CH₂CHO→—CH₂CH₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂-(3-quinolyl)

The compound from Example 11A (135 mg, 0.211 mmol) and 3-(3-quinolyl)-1-propylamine (70 mg, 0.376 mmol, 1.8 equiv) are dissolved in 4 mL of dry dichloromethane. Molecular sieves (4 Å) are added and the reaction is stirred overnight. The reaction is then filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting imine is dissolved in MeOH (5 mL) and treated with NaCNBH₃ (about 100 mg) and enough AcOH to turn bromocresol green indicator from blue to yellow. After stirring for 4 hours, the reaction mixture is poured into saturated NaHCO₃ solution and extracted into dichloromethane. The organic portion is washed with saturated NaHCO₃, H₂O and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Chromatography (SiO₂, 5% MeOH/dichloromethane with 0.5% NH₄OH to 10% MeOH/dichloromethane with 1% NH₄OH) gives the desired material.

G. —CH₂CHO→—CH₂CH₂NHCH₂(3-quinolyl)

The title compound is prepared from the compound of Example 11A (150 mg, 0.234 mmol) and 3-(aminomethyl)quinoline (100 mg, 0.633 mmol, 2.7 equiv) using the procedure described for Example 11F. Chromatography (SiO₂, 5% MeOH/dichloromethane with 0.5% NH₄OH) gives the desired material.

The 3-(aminomethyl)quinoline reagent is prepared by methods known in the art.

Other embodiments of the formulas (101)-(103) wherein R_(b) is H, R_(c) is H, L is —CO—, T is —NH—, and R_(d)′ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, benzyl, vinyl, or 3-hydroxy butyl are those wherein R_(a) is converted from —CH₂CHO to: —CH₂CH₂NHCH₂(6-quinolyl); —CH₂CH═NO(phenyl); —CH₂CH═NOCH₂(phenyl); —CH₂CH═NOCH₂(4-NO₂-phenyl); —CH₂CH═NOCH₂(4-quinolyl); —CH₂CH═NOCH₂(2-quinolyl); —CH₂CH═NOCH₂(3-quinolyl); —CH₂CH═NOCH₂(6-quinolyl); —CH₂CH═NOCH₂(1-naphthyl); —CH₂CH═NOCH₂(2-naphthyl); —CH₂CH₂NHOCH₂(phenyl); —CH₂CH₂NHOCH₂(4-NO₂-phenyl); —CH₂C(O)-phenyl; —CH₂C(O)-(4-F-phenyl); —CH₂CH═NNHC(O)phenyl; or —CH₂CH(OH)-phenyl.

H. —CH₂CH═CH-(2-quinolyl)→—CH₂CH₂CH₂(2-quinolyl)

A mixture of the compound from Example 10 where R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH—(2-quinolyl) (230 mg) and 10% Pd/C (50 mg) in 30 mL of methanol and 15 mL of ethyl acetate is flushed with nitrogen and stirred under 1 atm of hydrogen at room temperature for 22 hours. The mixture is filtered, and the filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure. Chromatography on silica gel (5% MeOH/dichloromethane with 0.5% NH₄OH) gives the desired material.

I. —CH₂CH═CH-(3-quinolyl)→—CH₂(2-(3-quinolyl)cyclopropyl)

To a solution of diazomethane (0.64 M, 3.12 mL, 2.00 mmol) in ether is added a solution of the compound from Example 10 wherein R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH-(2-quinolyl) (153 mg, 0.200 mmol) in dichloromethane (5.0 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen. A small amount (2 mg) of palladium acetate is added, and the mixture is stirred for 20 minutes. Another portion of diazomethane (3 mL) is added, and the mixture is stirred for another hour. The solvents are evaporated, and the residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel (5% MeOH/dichloromethane with 0.5% NH₄OH) to give the title compound as a white solid.

Example 28 Conversions at R_(c)

A. —H→propanoyl (R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH-(2-quinolyl))

To a solution of the compound from Example 10 converted at R_(a), wherein R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH-(2-quinolyl), (152 mg) in dichloromethane is added propionic anhydride (52 μL) and triethylamine (56 μL), and the mixture is stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate, and this is washed with 5% NaHCO₃ solution and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is chromatographed on silica gel (1:1 acetone/hexanes) to give the title compound as a white foam.

B. —H→—ethylsuccinoyl (R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH-(2-quinolyl))

To a solution of the compound from Example 10 converted at R_(a), wherein R_(a) is —CH₂CH═CH-(2-quinolyl) (153 mg, 0.200 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) at 0° C. is added ethyl succinyl chloride (29 μL) and triethylamine (56 μL), and the mixture is stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate, and this is washed with 5% NaHCO₃ solution and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is chromatographed on silica gel (1:1 acetone/hexanes) to give the title compound as a white foam.

Further variations and modifications of the foregoing will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to be encompassed by the claims appended hereto.

Example 29 Fluorination of C2 Position Before Fused Ring Formation Synthesis of 2′-O-benzoyl-6-O-propargyl-3-descladinosyl-3-oxo-10,11-anhydro-2-fluoro-15-methylerythromycin A

A solution of 2′-O-benzoyl-6-O-propargyl-3-descladinosyl-3-oxo-10,11-anhydro-15-methyl-erythromycin A in tetrahydrofaran under inert atmosphere is cooled to −78° C. and treated with 1.0 M potassium tert-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran. The mixture is stirred for 5 minutes, and a solution of N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide in tetrahydrofuran is added in three portions over 2 hours. After addition, the reaction is allowed to warm to ambient temperature and kept for an additional 5 hours. Aqueous K₂CO₃ is added, and the mixture is extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic extracts are combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. Chromatography on silica gel gives the product.

Example 30 Derivatization of C-13 Position for Intermediate Compounds of Compounds (1)-(3) or (1′)-(3′) Starting Material: 15-Aminoerythromycin A Diacetate Salt

A solution of 15-azidoerythromycin A (7.75 g, 10 mmol) in 50 mL of methanol is treated with acetic acid (2.0 mL) and 10% palladium on carbon (0.1 g) and stirred under 1 atm of hydrogen gas until thin-layer chromatographic analysis reveals complete reduction of the starting material. The suspension is filtered through Celite to remove the catalyst, then evaporated to dryness to yield the product, which is used as a starting material for the following derivatizations.

A. Synthesis of 15-(quinol-4-ylacetamido)erythromycin A

A solution of 15-aminoerythromycin A diacetate salt (1.0 g) in 10 mL of dichloromethane is treated sequentially with quinol-4-ylacetyl chloride (350 mg) and triethylamine (0.5 mL) at 0° C. After 3 hours, the reaction is diluted with dichloromethane and washed three times with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic phase is dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield the crude product. Purification by silica gel chromatography yields the pure product.

B. Synthesis of 15-(3-(quinol-4-yl)propionamido)erythromycin A

A solution of 15-Aminoerythromycin A diacetate salt (1.0 g) in 10 mL of dichloromethane is treated sequentially with 3-(quinol-4-yl)propionyl chloride (400 mg) and triethylamine (0.5 mL) at 0° C. After 3 hours, the reaction is diluted with dichloromethane and washed three times with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic phase is dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield the crude product. Purification by silica gel chromatography yields the pure product.

C. Synthesis of 15-(isoquinol-4-ylacetamido)erythromycin A

A solution of 15-aminoerythromycin A diacetate salt (1.0 g) in 10 mL of dichloromethane is treated sequentially with isoquinol-4-ylacetyl chloride (350 mg) and triethylamine (0.5 mL) at 0° C. After 3 hours, the reaction is diluted with dichloromethane and washed three times with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic phase is dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield the crude product. Purification by silica gel chromatography yields the pure product.

D. Synthesis of 15-(3-(isoquinol-4-yl)propionamido)erythromycin A

A solution of 15-aminoerythromycin A diacetate salt (1.0 g) in 10 mL of dichloromethane is treated sequentially with 3-(isoquinol-4-yl)propionyl chloride (400 mg) and triethylamine (0.5 mL) at 0° C. After 3 hours, the reaction is diluted with dichloromethane and washed three times with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic phase is dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield the crude product. Purification by silica gel chromatography yields the pure product.

E. Synthesis of 15-((quinol-5-ylamino)acetamido)erythomcin A

A solution of 15-aminoerythromycin A diacetate salt (1.0 g) in 10 mL of dichloromethane is treated sequentially with (quinol-5-ylamino)acetic acid (0.30 g), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (0.4 g), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (0.25 g), and triethylamine (0.5 mL) at 0° C. After 3 hours, the reaction is diluted with dichloromethane and washed three times with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic phase is dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield the crude product. Purification by silica gel chromatography yields the pure product.

F. Synthesis of 15-((quinol-6-ylamino)acetamido)erythromycin A

A solution of 15-aminoerythromycin A diacetate salt (1.0 g) in 10 mL of dichloromethane is treated sequentially with (quinol-6-ylamino)acetic acid (0.30 g), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (0.4 g), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (0.25 g), and triethylamine (0.5 mL) at 0° C. After 3 hours, the reaction is diluted with dichloromethane and washed three times with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic phase is dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield the crude product. Purification by silica gel chromatography yields the pure product.

G. Synthesis of 15-((quinol-4-ylmethyl)carbamoylamino)erythromycin A

A solution of 15-aminoerythromycin A diacetate salt (1.0 g) in 10 mL of dichloromethane is treated sequentially with quinoline-4-methoxycarbonyl chloride (400 mg) and triethylamine (0.5 mL) at 0° C. After 3 hours, the reaction is diluted with dichloromethane and washed three times with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic phase is dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to yield the crude product. Purification by silica gel chromatography yields the pure product. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of the formula

wherein R_(a) is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-10C); substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl (2-10C); substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl (2-10C); substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl; or OR_(a) is replaced by H; R_(b) is H or halogen; R_(c) is H or a protecting group; R_(d)′ is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-10C); substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl (2-10C); substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl (2-10C); substituted or unsubstituted aryl (3-10C); substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl (4-10C); substituted or unsubstituted arylalkynyl (5-20C); substituted or unsubstituted amidoarylalkyl (5-20C); substituted or unsubstituted amidoarylalkenyl (5-20C); or substituted or unsubstituted amidoarylalkynyl (5-20C); R_(e) is H or a protecting group; L is methylene or carbonyl; T is —O—, —N(R)—, or —N(OR)—, —N(NHCOR)—, —N(N═CHR)—, or —N(NHR)— wherein R is H or R_(a) as defined above, with the proviso that when L is methylene, T is —O—; one of Z and Y is H and the other is OH, protected OH, or amino, mono- or dialkylamino, protected amino, or an amino heterocycle or Z and Y together are ═O, ═NOH or a derivatized oxime; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a stereoisomeric form or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein R_(d)′ is H, methyl, ethyl, or propyl.
 3. The compound of claim 1 wherein R_(a) is arylalkenyl or arylalkynyl.
 4. The compound of claim 3 wherein R_(a) is 3-aryl prop-2-enyl or 3-aryl prop-2-ynyl.
 5. The compound of claim 4 wherein said aryl is 3-quinolyl, 4-quinolyl or 5-quinolyl, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 6-quinolyl, 6-quinoxalyl, 6-amino-3-quinolyl, or 4-isoquinolyl.
 6. The compound of claim 1 wherein R_(a) is H or lower C1-C3 alkyl.
 7. The compound of claim 6 wherein R_(a) is methyl.
 8. The compound of claim 1 wherein R_(b) is fluoro.
 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 10. A method to control a bacterial infection in a subject which method comprises administering to a subject in need of such control an effective amount of the compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
 11. A method to preserve material from microbial decay which method comprises providing said material with an effective amount of the compound of claim
 1. 